Phosphine reagents for azine fluoroalkylation

ABSTRACT

A new set of bench-stable fluoroalkylphosphines that directly convert C—H bonds in pyridine building blocks, drug-like fragments, and pharmaceuticals, into fluoroalkyl derivatives. No pre-installed functional groups or directing motifs are required. The reaction tolerates a variety of sterically and electronically distinct pyridines and is exclusively selective for the 4-position in most cases. The reaction proceeds via initial phosphonium salt formation followed by sp2-sp3 phosphorus ligand-coupling, an underdeveloped manifold for C—C bond formation.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional applicationSer. No. 17/634,140 filed Feb. 9, 2022, which is a National Stage filingunder 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2021/055842filed Oct. 20, 2021, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 63/094,623 filed Oct. 21, 2020, which applications areincorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. 1753087awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certainrights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fluoroalkyl groups' impact on structure-activity relationship (SAR)studies and the prevalence of pyridines in drugs and agrochemicals hasresulted in numerous fluoroalkylated candidates and marketed compounds(Scheme 1a). Strategically installing trifluoromethyl groups canincrease hydrophobic binding contacts, improve cell membranepermeability, and limit metabolic susceptibility; difluoromethyl groupsalso serve as surrogates of hydroxyl, thiol, and amine derivatives.Furthermore, the inductive withdrawing effects of fluoroalkyl groupsreduce pyridine heterocycle's basicity and offset excessive binding toCYP enzymes, an off-target effect that can result in numerous adverseconsequences and unwanted drug-drug interactions.

Synthesizing fluoroalkyl pyridines from acyclic precursors providessimple building block compounds. However, in discovery campaigns, it ispreferable to transform existing pyridines into fluoroalkyl derivativesbecause of the large variability in candidate structures. To that end,metal-catalyzed cross-couplings and C—H functionalization reactions arethe most common ways to make pyridyl C—CF₂X bonds. The latter isadvantageous for complex substrates as they do not typically containpre-installed functional groups, such as (pseudo)halides and boronicacids, required to generate organometallic intermediates, and insteadexploit ubiquitous C—H bonds.

Surprisingly, the only viable strategy for this endeavor is Minisci-typeradical processes. As the C—C bond-forming step in these reactionsoccurs via the same mechanism, the amenable set of pyridine inputs isdefined and the regiochemical outcomes are a function of the reactionconditions and pyridine substituents. Kanai reported a process tofluoroalkylate azines where trifluoromethyl anions add to preformedborane adducts (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 6103). An overall three-stageprotocol is required, and the reaction is moderately selective for the4-position of pyridines. Limited evidence of the reaction's capacity tofluoroalkylate drug-like molecules again reinforces the need for newreactions that can impact drug discovery.

SUMMARY

This disclosure provides the design for a mechanistically distinctprocess for pyridine C—H fluoroalkylation via phosphorus ligand-couplingreactions. Using fluoroalkylphosphines as reagents, a uniqueregiochemical profile and suite of complex pyridine substrates mean newchemical space is accessible for pharmaceutical and agrochemicaldiscovery. (Scheme 1c).

Accordingly, this disclosure provides a phosphine compound of Formula I:

wherein

-   -   X is H, F, —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl;    -   R¹ and R² are each independently NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl;    -   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; or        -   R^(a) and R^(b) taken together form a 5-membered or            6-membered heterocycle with the nitrogen moiety of            NR^(a)R^(b);    -   R^(c) and R^(d) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; and    -   m and n are each independently 1 or 2;    -   wherein each —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently unbranched or        branched, and optionally substituted.

This disclosure also provides a method for fluoroalkylation of anorganic compound comprising:

-   -   a) contacting a phosphine compound of any of Formulas I, IA, II,        IIA, IIB, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII disclosed herein, the        organic compound, and a solvent under suitable reaction        conditions to form a phosphonium salt of the organic compound;        and    -   b) contacting the phosphonium salt and an aqueous solution or a        mixture of an organic solvent and a base;        wherein a fluoroalkylated organic compound is thereby formed.

The invention provides novel compounds of Formula I, IA, II, IIA, IIB,III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII, intermediates for the synthesis ofcompounds of Formula I, IA, II, IIA, IIB, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII,as well as methods of preparing compounds of Formula I, IA, II, IIA,IIB, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII. The invention also providescompounds of Formula I, IA, II, IIA, IIB, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIIIthat are useful as intermediates for the synthesis of other usefulcompounds.

Scheme 1. Importance of fluoroalkylated pyridines and methods to makeC—CF₂X bonds (X = F or H). a, Examples of fluoroalkylated pyridines inpharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. b, Minisci- type methods for C—CF₂Xbond formation. c, New phosphine reagents for C—H fluoroalkylation ofpyridines via phosphorus ligand-coupling. a. Fluoroalkylated pyridinesare common in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. CF₃ CF₂H Enhancedresistance to Improved potency Bioisostere for OH, SH oxidativemetabolism Modulated lipophilicity H-bond donor

b. Only general method for late-stage fluoroalkylation of complexpyridines: C—H fluoroalkylation of complex pyridines via open shellpathways.

c. New opportunities in drug and agrochemical discovery: bench-stablephosphines for 4-selective C—H fluoroalkylation of complex pyridines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Fluoroalkyl groups profoundly affect the physical properties ofpharmaceuticals and influence virtually all metrics associated withtheir pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Drug candidatesincreasingly contain CF₃ and CF₂H groups, and the same trend inagrochemical development shows a remarkable translation across human,insect, and plant life. New fluoroalkylation reactions have undoubtedlystimulated this uptake; however, methods that directly convert C—H bondsinto C—CF₂X (X=F or H) groups in complex drug-like molecules are rare.In particular, pyridine is the most common aromatic heterocycle inpharmaceuticals, yet only one approach, via fluoroalkyl radicals, isviable for pyridyl C—H fluoroalkylation in the elaborate structuresencountered during drug development.

Additional information and data supporting the invention can be found inthe following publication by the inventors: Nature 2021, 594, 217-222and its Supporting Information, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

Definitions

The following definitions are included to provide a clear and consistentunderstanding of the specification and claims. As used herein, therecited terms have the following meanings. All other terms and phrasesused in this specification have their ordinary meanings as one of skillin the art would understand. Such ordinary meanings may be obtained byreference to technical dictionaries, such as Hawley's Condensed ChemicalDictionary 14^(th) Edition, by R. J. Lewis, John Wiley & Sons, New York,N.Y., 2001.

References in the specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”,etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particularaspect, feature, structure, moiety, or characteristic, but not everyembodiment necessarily includes that aspect, feature, structure, moiety,or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases may, but do not necessarily,refer to the same embodiment referred to in other portions of thespecification. Further, when a particular aspect, feature, structure,moiety, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment,it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect orconnect such aspect, feature, structure, moiety, or characteristic withother embodiments, whether or not explicitly described.

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a referenceto “a compound” includes a plurality of such compounds, so that acompound X includes a plurality of compounds X. It is further noted thatthe claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, thisstatement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for the use ofexclusive terminology, such as “solely,” “only,” and the like, inconnection with any element described herein, and/or the recitation ofclaim elements or use of “negative” limitations.

The term “and/or” means any one of the items, any combination of theitems, or all of the items with which this term is associated. Thephrases “one or more” and “at least one” are readily understood by oneof skill in the art, particularly when read in context of its usage. Forexample, the phrase can mean one, two, three, four, five, six, ten, 100,or any upper limit approximately 10, 100, or 1000 times higher than arecited lower limit. For example, one or more substituents on a phenylring refers to one to five, or one to four, for example if the phenylring is disubstituted.

As will be understood by the skilled artisan, all numbers, includingthose expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecularweight, reaction conditions, and so forth, are approximations and areunderstood as being optionally modified in all instances by the term“about.” These values can vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing theteachings of the descriptions herein. It is also understood that suchvalues inherently contain variability necessarily resulting from thestandard deviations found in their respective testing measurements. Whenvalues are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent“about,” it will be understood that the particular value without themodifier “about” also forms a further aspect.

The terms “about” and “approximately” are used interchangeably. Bothterms can refer to a variation of ±5%, 10%, +20%, or ±25% of the valuespecified. For example, “about 50” percent can in some embodiments carrya variation from 45 to 55 percent, or as otherwise defined by aparticular claim. For integer ranges, the term “about” can include oneor two integers greater than and/or less than a recited integer at eachend of the range. Unless indicated otherwise herein, the terms “about”and “approximately” are intended to include values, e.g., weightpercentages, proximate to the recited range that are equivalent in termsof the functionality of the individual ingredient, composition, orembodiment. The terms “about” and “approximately” can also modify theendpoints of a recited range as discussed above in this paragraph.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and allpurposes, particularly in terms of providing a written description, allranges recited herein also encompass any and all possible sub-ranges andcombinations of sub-ranges thereof, as well as the individual valuesmaking up the range, particularly integer values. It is thereforeunderstood that each unit between two particular units are alsodisclosed. For example, if 10 to 15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and14 are also disclosed, individually, and as part of a range. A recitedrange (e.g., weight percentages or carbon groups) includes each specificvalue, integer, decimal, or identity within the range. Any listed rangecan be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling thesame range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds,quarters, fifths, or tenths. As a non-limiting example, each rangediscussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middlethird and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled inthe art, all language such as “up to”, “at least”, “greater than”, “lessthan”, “more than”, “or more”, and the like, include the number recitedand such terms refer to ranges that can be subsequently broken down intosub-ranges as discussed above. In the same manner, all ratios recitedherein also include all sub-ratios falling within the broader ratio.Accordingly, specific values recited for radicals, substituents, andranges, are for illustration only; they do not exclude other definedvalues or other values within defined ranges for radicals andsubstituents. It will be further understood that the endpoints of eachof the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint,and independently of the other endpoint.

This disclosure provides ranges, limits, and deviations to variablessuch as volume, mass, percentages, ratios, etc. It is understood by anordinary person skilled in the art that a range, such as “number1” to“number2”, implies a continuous range of numbers that includes the wholenumbers and fractional numbers. For example, 1 to 10 means 1, 2, 3, 4,5, . . . 9, 10. It also means 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, . . . , 9.8, 9.9,10.0, and also means 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, and so on. If the variabledisclosed is a number less than “number10”, it implies a continuousrange that includes whole numbers and fractional numbers less thannumber10, as discussed above. Similarly, if the variable disclosed is anumber greater than “number10”, it implies a continuous range thatincludes whole numbers and fractional numbers greater than number10.These ranges can be modified by the term “about”, whose meaning has beendescribed above.

One skilled in the art will also readily recognize that where membersare grouped together in a common manner, such as in a Markush group, theinvention encompasses not only the entire group listed as a whole, buteach member of the group individually and all possible subgroups of themain group. Additionally, for all purposes, the invention encompassesnot only the main group, but also the main group absent one or more ofthe group members. The invention therefore envisages the explicitexclusion of any one or more of members of a recited group. Accordingly,provisos may apply to any of the disclosed categories or embodimentswhereby any one or more of the recited elements, species, orembodiments, may be excluded from such categories or embodiments, forexample, for use in an explicit negative limitation.

The term “contacting” refers to the act of touching, making contact, orof bringing to immediate or close proximity, including at the cellularor molecular level, for example, to bring about a physiologicalreaction, a chemical reaction, or a physical change, e.g., in asolution, in a reaction mixture.

An “effective amount” refers to an amount effective to bring about arecited effect, such as an amount necessary to form products in areaction mixture. Determination of an effective amount is typicallywithin the capacity of persons skilled in the art, especially in lightof the detailed disclosure provided herein. The term “effective amount”is intended to include an amount of a compound or reagent describedherein, or an amount of a combination of compounds or reagents describedherein, e.g., that is effective to form products in a reaction mixture.Thus, an “effective amount” generally means an amount that provides thedesired effect.

The term “substantially” as used herein, is a broad term and is used inits ordinary sense, including, without limitation, being largely but notnecessarily wholly that which is specified. For example, the term couldrefer to a numerical value that may not be 100% the full numericalvalue. The full numerical value may be less by about 1%, about 2%, about3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about10%, about 15%, or about 20%.

Wherever the term “comprising” is used herein, options are contemplatedwherein the terms “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” areused instead. As used herein, “comprising” is synonymous with“including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive oropen-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or methodsteps. As used herein, “consisting of” excludes any element, step, oringredient not specified in the aspect element. As used herein,“consisting essentially of” does not exclude materials or steps that donot materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the aspect.In each instance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consistingessentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of theother two terms. The disclosure illustratively described herein may besuitably practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitationor limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein.

This disclosure provides methods of making the compounds andcompositions of the invention. The compounds and compositions can beprepared by any of the applicable techniques described herein,optionally in combination with standard techniques of organic synthesis.Many techniques such as etherification and esterification are well knownin the art. However, many of these techniques are elaborated inCompendium of Organic Synthetic Methods (John Wiley & Sons, New York),Vol. 1, Ian T. Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1971; Vol. 2, Ian T.Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1974; Vol. 3, Louis S. Hegedus and LeroyWade, 1977; Vol. 4, Leroy G. Wade, Jr., 1980; Vol. 5, Leroy G. Wade,Jr., 1984; and Vol. 6; as well as standard organic reference texts suchas March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, andStructure, 5th Ed., by M. B. Smith and J. March (John Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 2001); Comprehensive Organic Synthesis. Selectivity, Strategy &Efficiency in Modern Organic Chemistry. In 9 Volumes, Barry M. Trost,Editor-in-Chief (Pergamon Press, New York, 1993 printing); AdvancedOrganic Chemistry, Part B: Reactions and Synthesis, Second Edition, Caryand Sundberg (1983); for heterocyclic synthesis see Hermanson, Greg T.,Bioconjugate Techniques, Third Edition, Academic Press, 2013.

The formulas and compounds described herein can be modified usingprotecting groups. Suitable amino and carboxy protecting groups areknown to those skilled in the art (see for example, Protecting Groups inOrganic Synthesis, Second Edition, Greene, T. W., and Wutz, P. G. M.,John Wiley & Sons, New York, and references cited therein; Philip J.Kocienski; Protecting Groups (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York,1994), and references cited therein); and Comprehensive OrganicTransformations, Larock, R. C., Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, NewYork (1999), and referenced cited therein.

The term “halo” or “halide” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.Similarly, the term “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, andiodine.

The term “alkyl” refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having,for example, from 1-20 carbon atoms, and often 1-12, 1-10, 1-8, 1-6, or1-4 carbon atoms; or for example, a range between 1-20 carbon atoms,such as 2-6, 3-6, 2-8, or 3-8 carbon atoms. As used herein, the term“alkyl” also encompasses a “cycloalkyl”, defined below. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl(iso-propyl), 1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl (isobutyl), 2-butyl(sec-butyl), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-butyl), 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl,2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl,1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl,4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl,2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl,dodecyl, and the like. The alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted,for example, with a substituent described below or otherwise describedherein. The alkyl can also be optionally partially or fully unsaturated.As such, the recitation of an alkyl group can include an alkenyl groupor an alkynyl group. The alkyl can be a monovalent hydrocarbon radical,as described and exemplified above, or it can be a divalent hydrocarbonradical (i.e., an alkylene).

An alkylene is an alkyl group having two free valences at a carbon atomor two different carbon atoms of a carbon chain. Similarly, alkenyleneand alkynylene are respectively an alkene and an alkyne having two freevalences at two different carbon atoms.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of, for example,from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiplecondensed rings. Cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, singlering structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantyl,and the like. The cycloalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted. Thecycloalkyl group can be monovalent or divalent, and can be optionallysubstituted as described for alkyl groups. The cycloalkyl group canoptionally include one or more cites of unsaturation, for example, thecycloalkyl group can include one or more carbon-carbon double bonds,such as, for example, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl,1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl,1-cyclohex-3-enyl, and the like.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl” refers to a saturated orpartially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic ring containingat least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen,preferably from 1 to 3 heteroatoms in at least one ring. Each ring ispreferably from 3 to 10 membered, more preferably 4 to 7 membered.Examples of suitable heterocycloalkyl substituents include pyrrolidyl,tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, piperidyl, piperazyl,tetrahydropyranyl, morpholino, 1,3-diazapane, 1,4-diazapane,1,4-oxazepane, and 1,4-oxathiapane. The group may be a terminal group ora bridging group.

The term “aromatic” refers to either an aryl or heteroaryl group orsubstituent described herein. Additionally, an aromatic moiety may be abisaromatic moiety, a trisaromatic moiety, and so on. A bisaromaticmoiety has a single bond between two aromatic moieties such as, but notlimited to, biphenyl, or bipyridine. Similarly, a trisaromatic moietyhas a single bond between each aromatic moiety.

The term “aryl” refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from theremoval of at least one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of aparent aromatic ring system. The radical attachment site can be at asaturated or unsaturated carbon atom of the parent ring system. The arylgroup can have from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, for example, about 6-10 carbonatoms. The aryl group can have a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiplecondensed (fused) rings, wherein at least one ring is aromatic (e.g.,naphthyl, dihydrophenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, or anthryl). Typical arylgroups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene,naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like. The aryl can beunsubstituted or optionally substituted with a substituent describedbelow.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclicring system containing one, two, or three aromatic rings and containingat least one nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atom in an aromatic ring. Theheteroaryl can be unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one ormore, and in particular one to three, substituents, as described in thedefinition of “substituted”. Typical heteroaryl groups contain 2-20carbon atoms in the ring skeleton in addition to the one or moreheteroatoms, wherein the ring skeleton comprises a 5-membered ring, a6-membered ring, two 5-membered rings, two 6-membered rings, or a5-membered ring fused to a 6-membered ring.

The term “azine heterocycle” or “azine” as used herein is a heterocycliccompound comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring and one or more nitrogenatoms in the ring. Examples include pyridine, diazine, triazine, andtetrazine.

As used herein, the term “substituted” or “substituent” is intended toindicate that one or more (for example, in various embodiments, 1-10; inother embodiments, 1-6; in some embodiments 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; in certainembodiments, 1, 2, or 3; and in other embodiments, 1 or 2) hydrogens onthe group indicated in the expression using “substituted” (or“substituent”) is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s),or with a suitable group known to those of skill in the art, providedthat the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that thesubstitution results in a stable compound. Suitable indicated groupsinclude, e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl,amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl,and alkylsulfonyl. Substituents of the indicated groups can be thoserecited in a specific list of substituents described herein, or as oneof skill in the art would recognize, can be one or more substituentsselected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy,hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkanoyl,alkoxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, trifluoromethylthio,difluoromethyl, acylamino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy,carboxy, carboxyalkyl, keto, thioxo, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl,alkylsulfonyl, and cyano. Suitable substituents of indicated groups canbe bonded to a substituted carbon atom include F, Cl, Br, I, OR′,OC(O)N(R′)2, CN, CF3, OCF3, R′, O, S, C(O), S(O), methylenedioxy,ethylenedioxy, N(R′)2, SR′, SOR′, SO2R′, SO2N(R′)2, SO3R′, C(O)R′,C(O)C(O)R′, C(O)CH2C(O)R′, C(S)R′, C(O)OR′, OC(O)R′, C(O)N(R′)2,OC(O)N(R′)2, C(S)N(R′)2, (CH2)0-2NHC(O)R′, N(R′)N(R′)C(O)R′,N(R′)N(R′)C(O)OR′, N(R′)N(R′)CON(R′)2, N(R′)SO2R′, N(R′)SO2N(R′)2,N(R′)C(O)OR′, N(R′)C(O)R′, N(R′)C(S)R′, N(R′)C(O)N(R′)2,N(R′)C(S)N(R′)2, N(COR′)COR′, N(OR′)R′, C(═NH)N(R′)2, C(O)N(OR′)R′, orC(═NOR′)R′ wherein R′ can be hydrogen or a carbon-based moiety (e.g.,(C1-C6)alkyl), and wherein the carbon-based moiety can itself be furthersubstituted.

The term “apicophilic” refers to a phenomenon in which electronegativesubstituents of trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate compounds prefer tooccupy apical positions.

The term “drug discovery” or “agrochemical discovery” refers to aprocess known to persons skilled in the art, a process comprising, butnot limited to, the synthesis of small molecule compounds or chemicallibraries of small molecule compounds, medicinal chemistry, scale up,process synthesis, or large-scale manufacturing of small moleculecompounds, and biological screening or testing of small moleculecompounds.

Embodiments of the Invention

This disclosure provides a phosphine compound of Formula I or FormulaII:

wherein

-   -   X is H, F, —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl;    -   each J is independently H, F, —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl, or        —(C₁-C₆)alkyl;    -   R¹ and R² are each independently NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl;    -   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; or        -   R^(a) and R^(b) taken together form a 5-membered or            6-membered heterocycle with the nitrogen moiety of            NR^(a)R^(b);    -   R^(c) and R^(d) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; and    -   m and n are each independently 1 or 2;        -   wherein each —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently unbranched or            branched, and optionally substituted.

In some embodiments, each J is independently H, F, or CF₃, or CO₂H. Insome embodiments, X is not F when R¹ and R² are OCH₃ or CH₃ wherein R¹and R² are each in the para-position and m and n are each 1. In othervarious embodiments, R¹ and R² are each in the para-position and m and nare each 1. In some embodiments, R¹ is in the ortho- and para-positionwhen m is 2. In some embodiments, R² is in the ortho- and para-positionwhen m is 2. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently inthe ortho-position, meta-position, or para-position.

In other embodiments, the phosphine compound of Formula I is representedby a phosphine compound of Formula IA:

wherein X is not F when R¹ and R² are OCH₃ or CH₃.

R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), and R^(d) are each independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl. In various embodiments, R^(a) is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. Invarious embodiments, R^(b) is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In various otherembodiments, R^(c) is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In various other embodiments, R^(d)is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

In some embodiments, X is H. In some other embodiments, X is F. In otherembodiments, X is perfluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, X is—(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl wherein the (C₁-C₆) moiety of—(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl comprises two or more F. In other embodiments, Xis —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl wherein each carbon of the (C₁-C₆) moiety of—(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl is substituted with one or more F. In otherembodiments, X is CF₃, CF₂H, CF₂CF₃, CF₂HCF₃, CF₂HCF₂H, CF₂CF₂CF₃,CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₃, CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₃, or CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₃. In otherembodiments, R¹ and R² are NR^(a)R^(b). In other embodiments, R^(a) andR^(b) are methyl or ethyl. In yet other embodiments, NR^(a)R^(b) ispyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl. In other embodiments, R¹ and R² are OR⁰. Infurther embodiments, R^(c) is methyl or ethyl. In additionalembodiments, X is F, and R¹ and R² are NR^(a)R^(b). In otherembodiments, X is F, and R¹ and R² are N(CH₃)₂ or 1-pyrrolidinyl. Inother embodiments, X is H, and R¹ and R² are OR^(c). In someembodiments, X is H, and R¹ and R² are methoxy or ethoxy.

In some other embodiments, the phosphine compound is:

In yet other embodiments, the phosphine compound is:

Furthermore, this disclosure provides a phosphine compound of FormulaII:

wherein

-   -   X is H, F, or —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl;    -   Z is O, S, or NR^(y) wherein R^(y) is H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl;    -   R³ and R⁴ are each independently H, NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; or        -   two R³ taken together form a 6-membered benzo-ring fused to            the heterocycle of Formula II; and/or        -   two R⁴ taken together form a 6-membered benzo-ring fused to            the heterocycle of Formula II (i.e., to the heterocycle to            which it is attached); R^(a) and R^(b) are each            independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; or        -   R^(a) and R^(b) taken together form a 5-membered or            6-membered heterocycle with the nitrogen moiety of            NR^(a)R^(b);    -   R^(c) and R^(d) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; and    -   p and q are each independently 1, 2 or 3;        -   wherein each —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently unbranched or            branched.

In some embodiments, each 6-membered benzo-ring moiety of Formula II, ifpresent, is independently substituted with R³ and/or R⁴ when p and/or qis 3. In additional embodiments, the phosphine compound of Formula II isrepresented by a phosphine compound of Formula IIA:

wherein

-   -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H, NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),        and R^(d) are as defined above.

In other additional embodiments, the phosphine compound of Formula II isrepresented by a phosphine compound of Formula IB:

wherein

-   -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H, NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),        and R^(d) are as defined above.

In some embodiments, the phosphine compound of Formula II is representedby a phosphine compound of Formula III-VIII:

This disclosure also provides a composition comprising any compounddisclosed herein, an acid, base, solvent, or combination thereof.Additionally, this disclosure provides a method for fluoroalkylation ofan organic compound comprising:

-   -   a) contacting a phosphine compound of Formula I:

wherein

-   -   X is H, F, or —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl;    -   R¹ and R² are each independently NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl;    -   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or        —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; or    -   R^(a) and R^(b) taken together form a 5-membered or 6-membered        heterocycle with the nitrogen moiety of NR^(a)R^(b);        -   R^(c) and R^(d) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or            —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; and m and n are each independently 1 or            2;    -   wherein each —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently unbranched or        branched;        the organic compound, and a solvent under suitable reaction        conditions to form a phosphonium salt of the organic compound;        and    -   b) contacting the phosphonium salt and an aqueous solution or a        mixture of an organic solvent and a base;        wherein a fluoroalkylated organic compound is thereby formed.

In some embodiments, the organic compound is an azine heterocycle. Inother embodiments, the azine heterocycle comprises a pyridine,pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, quinoline, isoquinoline,naphthyridine, or quinazoline. In yet other embodiments, a mixture ofthe phosphine compound, organic compound and solvent at step a)comprises a Brønsted (or Lewis base) and anhydride. In otherembodiments, the anhydride is a sulfonic anhydride. In otherembodiments, the sulfonic anhydride is a trifluoromethanelsulfonicanhydride or nonafluorobutanesulfonic anhydride and the like. In someembodiments the Brønsted acid is an organic or inorganic acid. In someembodiments the Brønsted base is an organic or inorganic base.

In additional embodiments, the aqueous solution at step b) comprises aBrønsted acid or Brønsted base. In additional embodiments, the aqueoussolution is a neutral solution. In some embodiments, the mixture is asolution of THF and a base. In some embodiments the mixture isanhydrous. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises a trace amount ofwater wherein the trace amount is less than 5 wt. %, less than 1 wt. %,or less than 0.1 wt. %. In other embodiments, the phosphonium salt isnot isolated as a purified intermediate compound before contacting theintermediate with the aqueous solution. In various embodiments thephosphine compound is1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidineor (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl) phosphane.

Also, disclosed herein is a chemical process comprising a phosphinecompound disclosed herein, wherein the process is, but not limited to,drug discovery, agrochemical discovery, or chemical manufacturing.

Results and Discussion.

We hypothesized that synthesizing fluoroalkyl phosphonium salts andtriggering ‘contractive’ or ‘ligand-coupling’ processes with oxygennucleophiles would form C—CF₂X bonds (Scheme 2a). These reactionsostensibly resemble reductive eliminations at late transition metalcenters and have been previously leveraged for Csp²-Csp² bond-formation.However, Csp²-Csp³ coupling via this manifold is virtually unknown.Uchida reported that benzyl Grignard reagents react withtris(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxides to give low yields 2-benzylpyridines(Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 567). The inaccessibility of the phosphineoxide starting materials, the elevated temperatures employed and thelack of control of ligand-coupling selectivity make this reactionimpractical for pyridine alkylation. A lack of mechanistic clarity alsopotentially explains why no further studies occurred.

Recently, a more substantive understanding of sp²-sp² phosphorusligand-coupling has emerged, and we reasoned that the apicophiliceffects that result in selective pyridine-pyridine coupling weretranslatable to pyridine fluoroalkylation. We anticipated that waterwould add to a fluoroalkylphopshonium salt 1 and result in P(V)intermediate 2. A significant lengthening of the apical C—P bond andaccumulation of negative charge on the apical ligand preemptsligand-coupling with the pyridinium ring in the equatorial plane.Therefore, fluoroalkyl groups are good candidates for selective couplingdue to their ability to stabilize anionic charge on the sp³ carbon byinductive effects. The lowest energy transition state structurescalculated for trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl coupling (3 & 4)suggests these reactions would be facile at ambient temperature.Furthermore, the structures resemble the proposed model forligand-coupling with the fluoroalkyl group migrating from an apicalposition. Subsequent elimination of diarylphosphine oxide fromMeisenheimer-like intermediate 5 completes the process.

Scheme 2b shows how a series of diarylfluoroalkyl phosphines (7-11)performed in salt-forming reactions using 2-phenylpyridine 6 as a modelsubstrate. Notably, these phosphines are straightforward to prepare on amultigram scale using TMSCF₃ as both CF₃ and CF₂H sources; two or threesteps are required depending on phosphine structure, and the reagentsare benchtop stable. Salt formation occurs by sequentially adding thephosphine, Tf₂O, and DBU to pyridine 6 and the study clearly shows theyield of the product correlates with the donating capacity of thephosphine's aryl substituents. Salt 12 was not detected usingdiphenyltrifluoromethylphosphine 7, presumably because the CF₃ groupreduces its nucleophilicity to the extent that reaction with the N-Tfpyridinium intermediate (not shown) is unproductive. However,introducing electron-donating groups at para-positions of the aryl rings(8-10) overcomes this problem with pyrrolidine substituents (10) provingoptimal. We observed a similar trend in CF₂H-substituted phosphines, andmethoxy substituted analog 11 was most effective at forming salt 13.Notably, the process is exclusively 4-selective and in line with ourprevious studies on pyridyl phosphonium salt formation.

Scheme 2. Design and optimization of a phosphorus-mediated process forazine fluoroalkylation. a, Exploiting the apicophilic effect inphosphorus heterobiaryl couplings for sp²- sp³ ligand-coupling. b, Arylsubstitution was used to optimize phosphonium salt formation. c, Aone-pot direct C—H fluoroalkylation reaction. a. Designing a new sp²-sp³bond-forming process

b. Optimizing phosphine nucleophilicity

Phosphine R X Salt yield (%)^(a)  7 H F n.d.  8 OMe F 54  9 NMe₂ F 81 10N-pyrrolidinyl F 85 11 OMe H 86 c. Fluoroalkylation: optimizedconditions

^(a)Yields determined by ¹H NMR using 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as aninternal standard. n.d. = not detected.

Scheme 2c shows our optimized conditions where we directly obtainedfluoroalkyl derivatives of 6 without isolating the intermediatephosphonium salts. During the study in Scheme 2b, we observed minoramounts of tri- and difluoromethylated pyridine products after washingthe crude reaction mixture with water and suspected that thefluoroalkylphosphonium salts were particularly prone to ligand-coupling.We rationalized that after forming salts 12 and 13, adding acid andwater would trigger ligand-coupling and enable a one-potfluoroalkylation process. Previously, in sp²-sp² coupling, weestablished that nucleophilic attack of alcohols to phosphonium salts israte-determining, and the withdrawing effect of the fluoroalkyl groupsin 11 and 12 should make this step more facile. Salt formation iscomplete within one hour using 10 then adding TfOH, methanol, and waterdirectly to the reaction mixture and stirring for 12 hours at roomtemperature results in good yield of the trifluoromethylated product 14.Removing water from the reaction mixture results in no productindicating its essential role in ligand-coupling. Difluoromethylation(15) follows a similar protocol using 11, except that theligand-coupling stage occurs at 40° C. reflecting the relativeelectrophilicity of salts 13 and 14.

We then applied the trifluoromethylation protocol to a series ofbuilding block azines (Scheme 3a). Using 10, both 2,2- and2,3-bipyridines were directly and selectively trifluoromethylated (16 &17). The reaction is less efficient when a 2-amino substituent ispresent (18), but 3-phenoxy substituted pyridine 19 formed in highyield. Despite the precedent for amides reacting with Tf₂O, we obtained20 in moderate yield. A series of 2,5-disubstituted pyridines workedwell under this protocol including functional groups such as alkynes,imides, and esters (21-25). Under standard conditions, the 3-positionester in 22b begins to hydrolyze; changing the conditions to NaHCO₃ inTHF with 10 equivalents of water alleviates this problem. Under theseconditions, we propose that the carbonate nucleophile triggersligand-coupling without requiring protonation of the pyridine andcalculations support the feasibility of this pathway. We did not observehydrolysis when an ester was in the 2-position and a 2-chloro group wassimilarly unaffected (23 & 24). A set of 2,3-disubstituted pyridineswere successfully trifluoromethylated (26 & 27) as well as3,5-disubstituted example 28. The reaction also tolerates fused aromaticsystems 29-31, and preliminary examples of diazines are promising,including pyridazines and pyrimidines 32 & 33.

Scheme 3b shows that a similar set of azines are amenable todifluoromethylation. Notable examples within monosubstituted pyridinesinclude bipyridine 37 that was successively difluoromethylated from 17.Substituents such as 2-Br are compatible (34) but require modified basicreaction media to trigger ligand-coupling. Under acidic conditions, nocoupling occurred, and the difluoroalkyl phosphonium salt persisted inthe reaction mixture even at 80° C. We hypothesize that the withdrawingeffect of the bromo substituent prevents sufficient activation of thepyridine nitrogen atom under acidic conditions, such that the salt isnot electrophilic enough to react with water. The reaction toleratesacid-sensitive functional groups such as 2-esters andtert-butoxycarbonyl protected amines (35 & 41). The acetal in 38partially hydrolyzed under standard conditions but modifying theconditions to a mixture of TBAF and HCl eliminated this pathway; wepresume that either ligand-coupling occurs via a P(V) fluorophosphorane,or small amounts of water are present in the TBAF solution that couldalso promote the reaction. A notable limitation is 3-halopyridines,where we obtained low yields of difluoromethylated products and observedprotiodephosphination as the major product. As above, 2,3- and2,5-disubstituted pyridines are effective (43-45), as are substitutedquinolines, a furopyridine, and a pyrimidine (46-52).

Next, we turned our attention to molecules representing drug-likeintermediates and lead compounds (Scheme 4a). Such compounds arestructurally diverse and contain multiple functional groups that canpotentially interfere with the C—P and C—C bond-forming processes.Furthermore, they are generally devoid of preinstalled functional groupsfor cross-coupling reactions or biases towards selective outcomes forradical-based fluoroalkylation reactions. Forming trifluoromethylatedderivatives 53-55 was straightforward despite the presence of multipleLewis basic atoms and sites of reactivity (Scheme 4a). Quinoline 56shows that trifluoromethylation occurs at the 2-position when the4-position is blocked. Phosphines 10 and 11 successfully formedfluoroalkyl pyridines 57-65; the site-selectivity in 57-62 results fromselective N-Tf formation of the 3-substituted pyridines over the2-substituted pyridines during the salt-forming step. We demonstratedthat site selectivity can be switched in complex polyazines. We alsoobtained difluoroalkyl azines 66 and 67 in reasonable yields.

Late-stage fluoroalkylation reactions enable medicinal- and agrochemiststo rapidly modify advanced candidates and identify compounds withsuperior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This strategyavoids the costly and time-consuming recourse to synthesis from simplerprecursors. Furthermore, new methods with distinct regioselectivityprovide an entry to new drug candidates that were previouslyinaccessible. In Scheme 4b, we converted twelve differentpharmaceuticals and one agrochemical into fluoroalkyl derivatives 68-87using phosphines 10 and 11. Notably, all products formed as singleregioisomers and given the logic reported for predicting the outcome ofMinisci-type fluoroalkylation reactions, we assert that this scope andregioselectivity would differ significantly from those radicalprocesses. For example, Baran's sulfinate salts selectivelyfluoroalkylate nicotine at the 2-position, whereas we obtained4-position CF₃-derivative 68 using phosphine 10. Comparisons betweenthis phosphine-mediated approach and radical-based fluoroalkylation havebeen described.

In summary, we have developed a new process for C—H pyridinefluoroalkylation proceeding via phosphorus ligand-coupling reactions.Bench-stable fluoroalkyl phosphines first convert pyridines intophosphonium salts, and then adding an aqueous acidic solution forms theC—CF₂X bond in a one-pot process. Fluorolkyl groups undergo facileligand-coupling because of their capacity to stabilize anionic charge atthe apical positions of P(V) intermediates. This platform reliablyfluoroalkylated pyridine building blocks, drug and agrochemicalintermediates, and is also a viable method for the late-stagefunctionalization of complex molecules. The scope of pyridines and theregioselectivity profile is distinct from other common fluoroalkylationmethods. We believe this phosphorus-mediated approach will be widelyapplicable in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical sciences.

The following Examples are intended to illustrate the above inventionand should not be construed as to narrow its scope. One skilled in theart will readily recognize that the Examples suggest many other ways inwhich the invention could be practiced. It should be understood thatnumerous variations and modifications may be made while remaining withinthe scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1. General Methods and Guidelines

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra were recorded atambient temperature on a Varian 400 MR spectrometer (400 MHz), anAgilent Inova 400 (400 MHz) spectrometer, an Agilent Inova 500 (500 MHz)spectrometer, or a Bruker AV-111 400 (400 MHz) spectrometer. Chemicalshifts (δ) are reported in ppm and quoted to the nearest 0.01 ppmrelative to the residual protons in CDCl₃ (7.26 ppm), CD₃OD (3.31 ppm)or (CD₃)₂SO (2.05 ppm) and coupling constants (J) are quoted in Hertz(Hz). Data are reported as follows: Chemical shift (multiplicity,coupling constants, number of protons). Coupling constants were quotedto the nearest 0.1 Hz and multiplicity reported according to thefollowing convention: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet,qn=quintet, sext=sextet, sp=septet, m=multiplet, br=broad. Wherecoincident coupling constants have been observed, the apparent (app)multiplicity of the proton resonance has been reported. Carbon nuclearmagnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) spectra were recorded at ambienttemperature on a Varian 400 MR spectrometer (100 MHz), an Agilent Inova400 (100 MHz) spectrometer, an Agilent Inova 500 spectrometer (125 MHz)or a Bruker AV-111 400 (100 MHz) spectrometer. Chemical shift (6) wasmeasured in ppm and quoted to the nearest 0.01 ppm relative to theresidual solvent peaks in CDCl₃ (77.16 ppm), (CD₃)₂SO (39.51 ppm), CD₃OD(49.00 ppm) or CD₃CN (1.32 ppm). Low-resolution mass spectra (LRMS) weremeasured on an Agilent 6310 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer.High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were measured on an Agilent 6224 TOFLC/MS (“OTOF”) interfaced to an Agilent 1200 HPLC with multi-mode(combined ESI and APCI) and Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) sources.(IR) spectra were recorded on a Nicolet IS-50 FT-IR spectrometer aseither solids or neat films, either through direct application ordeposited in CHCl3, with absorptions reported in wavenumbers (cm⁻¹).Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed usingpre-coated Silicycle glass backed silica gel plates (Silicagel 60 F254).Flash column chromatography was undertaken on Silicycle silica gelSiliaflash P60 40-63 um (230-400 mesh) under a positive pressure of airunless otherwise stated. Visualization was achieved using ultravioletlight (254 nm) and chemical staining with ceric ammonium molybdate orbasic potassium permanganate solutions as appropriate. Tetrahydrofuran(THF), toluene, hexane, diethyl ether and dichloromethane were dried anddistilled using standard methods. Methanol, 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE),1,4-dioxane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone were purchasedanhydrous from Sigma Aldrich chemical company. All reagents werepurchased at the highest commercial quality and used without furtherpurification. Reactions were carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogenunless otherwise stated. All reactions were monitored by TLC, ¹H NMRspectra taken from reaction samples, and liquid chromatography massspectrometry (LCMS) using an Agilent 6310 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometerfor MS analysis. Melting points (m.p.) were recorded using a Büchi B-450melting point apparatus and are reported uncorrected. Tf₂O (99%) waspurchased from Oakwood Chemical and used without further purificationbut was routinely stored in a −20° C. fridge. DBU was distilled beforeuse. 200 proof ethanol was purchased from PHARMCO-AAPER and used withoutfurther purification. HCl (4.0 M in dioxanes) andtrifluoromethanesulfonic acid (98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrichchemical company and used without further purification but wereroutinely stored in a −20° C. fridge.

TABLE 1 Optimization of salt formation for trifluoromethylphosphine.

entry R temp (° C.) time (min) base T.M. yield^(a) 1 H −78 30 DBU n.d. 2OMe −78 30 DBU 54 3 NMe₂ −78 30 DBU 81 4 N-pyrrolidinyl −30 30 DBU 76 5N-pyrrolidinyl −50 30 DBU 81 6 N-pyrrolidinyl −78 30 DBU 85 ^(a)Yieldswere determined by ¹H NMR using 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internalstandard.

TABLE 2 Optimization of acid-promoted trifluoromethylation ofheterocycles.

entry HOTf (eq) solvent time (h) T.M. yield^(a)  1 1 MeOH/H₂O = 1/1 1876%  2 1 MeOH/H₂O = 4/1 18 79%  3 1 MeOH/H₂O = 9/1 18 71%  4 1 MeOH (0.5ml), H₂O (10 eq) 18 80%  5 1.5 MeOH (0.5 ml), H₂O (10 eq) 12 84%  6 2MeOH (0.5 ml), H₂O (10 eq) 12 81%  7 1.5 MeOH (1.0 ml), H₂O (10 eq) 1285%  8 1.5 MeOH (0.25 ml), H₂O (10 eq) 12 82%  9 1.5 THF (0.5 ml), H₂O(10 eq) 12 79% 10 1.5 EtOH (0.5 ml), H₂O (10 eq) 12 80% 11 1.5 IPA (0.5ml), H₂O (10 eq) 12 75% 12 1.5 TFE (0.5 ml), H₂O (10 eq) 12 — 13 0 MeOH(0.5 ml), H₂O (10 eq) 24 77% ^(a)Yields were determined by ¹H NMR using1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard.

TABLE 3 Optimization of base-promoted trifluoromethylation ofheterocycles.

entry Base (eq) solvent time (h) T.M. yield^(a) 1 NaOMe (3) MeOH 30 min 0% 2 NaOMe (3) THF 30 min 12% 3 NaHCO₃ (3) THF 24 h 73% 4 Na₂CO₃ (3)THF 24 h 13% 5 NaO^(t)Bu (3) THF 30 min  0% 6 NaHCO₃ (3) CH₃CN 20 h 57%7 NaHCO₃ (3) DMF 20 h  0% 8 NaHCO₃ (3) THF (0.5 ml), H₂O(10 eq) 30 min78% ^(a)Yields were determined by ¹H NMR using 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzeneas an internal standard.

TABLE 4 Optimization of salt formation for difluoromethylphosphine.

entry R temp (° C.) time (min) base % yield^(a)  1 H −50 60 DBU 65  2OMe −50 60 DBU 68  3 Me −50 60 DBU 83  4 Me −30 60 DBU 66  5 Me −78 60DBU 84  6 Me −78 30 DBU 85  7 Me −78 15 DBU 79  8 Me −78 30 NEt₃ 79  9Me −78 30 TBD 51 10 Me −78 30 MTBD 82 11 Me −78 30 TMG 70 12 OMe −78 30DBU 90 ^(a)Yields were determined by ¹H NMR using1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard.

TABLE 5 Optimization of difluoromethylation reaction.

entry nucleophile temp (° C.) solvent time % yield^(a)  1 MeOH RTMeOH >48 h —  2 MeOH 40 MeOH >48 h —  3 H₂O RT MeOH >48 h —  4 H₂O 40MeOH −36 h 79  5 H₂O 40 EtOH −24 h 81  6 H₂O 40 THF −24 h 79  7 H₂O 40iPrOH −24 h 80  8 CsF RT THF >48 h —  9 TBAF 40 THF −14 h 75 10 TBAF RTTHF −14 h 61 11 K₂CO₃ ^(b) RT H₂O/THF −15 min 64 12 NaHCO₃ ^(b) RTH₂O/THF −15 min 43 ^(a)Yields were determined by ¹H NMR using1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard. ^(b)Indicates thereaction was carried out in the absence of acid.

TABLE 6 Reaction Guidelines. Trifluoromethylation andDifluoromethylation

TBAF conditions should be used for functional groups sensitive tosolvolysis

Alternatively, NaHCO₃ and K₂CO₃ conditions can also be used Specific toTrifluoromethylation

Hydrolysis under TfOH conditions Using K₂CO₃ conditions resolves thisissue Specific to Difluoromethylation

X = F, Cl, Br, I Slow/No reaction under HCl conditions Using K₂CO₃conditions resolves this issue

Example 2. Preparation of Heterocyclic Precursors

5-(Methoxymethyl)-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine. A 100 mL flask equippedwith a magnetic stirring bar was charged with PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (140 mg, 0.20mmol) and CuI (76 mg, 0.40 mmol) dissolved in diisopropylamine (20 mL)and N,N-dimethylformamide (15 mL). The resultant solution was stirredunder nitrogen at room temperature for 10 minutes before adding2-bromo-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridine (2.02 g, 10.00 mmol) indiisopropylamine (10 mL) and phenylacetylene (1.22 g, 12.00 mmol). Then,stirring was continued at room temperature for an additional hour. Afterthis time, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with asaturated NH₄Cl solution and with brine. The organic layer wasseparated, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel:33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a light brown oil(2.12 g, 9.50 mmol, 95% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.58 (d,J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J=2.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 3H), 4.50 (s, 3H), 3.43 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 149.33, 142.74, 135.60, 133.05, 132.12, 129.06,128.47, 126.93, 122.32, 89.38, 88.58, 71.87, 58.52; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3055, 2986, 2926, 2892, 2817, 2220, 1725, 1590, 1559, 1491,1470, 1442, 1394, 1356, 1314, 1279, 1191, 1153, 1098, 1024, 966, 914,863, 839, 755, 689; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₅H₁₄NO⁺=224.1070, found 224.1079.

3-Phenyl-5-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)isoxazole.(3-Phenylisoxazol-5-yl)methanol (1.75 g, 10.00 mmol) was added portionsunder N₂ to a suspension of NaH (60%) (480 mg, 12.00 mmol) in anhydrousDMF (25 mL). After stirring at rt for 30 min, 2-fluoropyridine (1.03 mL,12.00 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with cold H₂Oand extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic extracts were washedwith H₂O (3×100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 17% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a yellow oil (2.26 g, 8.90 mmol, 89% yield). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.18 (dd, J=1.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.79 (m, 2H),7.64-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 3H), 6.95-6.92 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.4Hz, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 169.15,162.61, 162.55, 146.85, 139.14, 130.14, 129.12, 129.03, 126.99, 117.80,111.38, 101.67, 58.30; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3128, 3059, 2961, 1611,1600, 1573, 1469, 1433, 1422, 1403, 1365, 1309, 1284, 1263, 1249, 1221,1167, 1140, 1044, 1014, 993, 946, 910, 826, 772, 759, 738, 731, 689,678; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₅H₁₃N₂O₂+=253.0972, found253.0971.

Methyl 6-chloro-4-((pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)nicotinate. An oven dried50 mL flask was charged with pyridin-3-ylmethanamine (611 μL, 6.00mmol), methyl 4,6-dichloronicotinate (1.03 g, 5.00 mmol),N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.09 mL, 12.00 mmol) and EtOH (10 mL). Themixture was stirred at reflux for overnight. After cooling to roomtemperature, the mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layer was dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude materialwas purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: EtOAc) to provide thetitle compound as a white solid (1.19 g, 3.55 mmol, 71% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.62-8.57 (m, 3H), 7.66-7.63 (m, 1H),7.32 (ddd, J=0.9, 4.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=5.0 Hz,2H), 3.90 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.06, 156.21, 155.84,153.22, 149.46, 148.86, 134.99, 132.45, 124.04, 107.33, 105.14, 52.20,44.24; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3320, 3070, 3036, 2961, 1687, 1592, 1576,1565, 1501, 1484, 1465, 1442, 1428, 1408, 1363, 1324, 1297, 1280, 1223,1191, 1113, 1065, 1026, 928, 842, 791, 712, 607; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₁₃H₁₃ClN₃O₂+=278.0691, found 278.0704.

2-Methyl-6-(1-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)ethoxy)quinoline. To a mixture of1-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)ethan-1-ol (598 mg, 3.00 mmol), Et₃N (544 μL,3.30 mmol) and CH₂Cl₂ (6.6 mL) was added MsCl (256 μL, 3.30 mmol) in oneportion at −10° C. for 30 minutes under nitrogen. After the reactioncompleted, the mixture was poured into cold water (10 mL) and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The combined organic layer was dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the product1-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)ethyl methanesulfonate, which was used withoutfurther purification.

2-methylquinolin-6-ol (477 mg, 3.00 mmol) was added portions under N₂ toa suspension of NaH (60%) (144 mg, 3.60 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (4.5 mL).After stirring at room temperature for 30 min,1-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)ethyl methanesulfonate (prepared accordingly)in anhydrous DMF (4.5 mL) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirredat rt overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with cold H₂O andextracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic extracts were washed withH₂O (3×100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentratedin vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: EtOAc) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil(130 mg, 0.38 mmol, 13% yield over two steps). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ: 8.83 (dd, J=0.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (dd, J=1.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d,J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.52 (m, 4H), 7.40 (dd, J=2.8,9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (ddd, J=0.9, 4.8, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),6.97 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 1.74 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 156.54, 155.37, 148.59,148.33, 143.78, 142.94, 137.22, 136.25, 135.25, 134.32, 130.08, 127.60,127.25, 126.40, 123.64, 122.71, 122.23, 108.58, 76.05, 25.06, 24.53; IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3029, 2976, 2925, 1621, 1599, 1497, 1476, 1429,1395, 1376, 1342, 1304, 1266, 1223, 1167, 1112, 1071, 1023, 1000, 967,940, 897, 832, 802, 710; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₃H₂₁N₂O+=341.1648, found 341.1662.

3-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)pyridine. To a mixtureof (3-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid (547 mg, 3.60 mmol),3-bromo-5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)pyridine (795 mg, 3.00 mmol),Pd(PPh₃)₄ (173 mg, 0.15 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (636 mg, 6.00 mmol) was added adegassed mixture of THF (14.4 mL) and H₂O (3.6 mL). The mixture wasstirred at 70° C. for 24 hours under nitrogen. After cooling to roomtemperature, the mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layer was dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude materialwas purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 67% EtOAc in hexanesto 75% EtOAc in hexanes to) to provide the title compound as a colorlessoil (778 mg, 2.64 mmol, 88% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.46 (d,J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dd, J=1.4, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J=0.7, 2.4 Hz,1H), 7.61 (dd, J=0.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=2.8,9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (ddd, J=0.9, 4.8, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),6.99 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 1.76 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 156.54, 155.37, 148.59,148.33, 143.78, 142.94, 137.22, 136.25, 135.25, 134.32, 130.08, 127.60,127.25, 126.40, 123.64, 122.71, 122.23, 108.58, 76.05, 25.06, 24.53; IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3029, 2976, 2925, 1621, 1599, 1497, 1476, 1429,1395, 1376, 1342, 1304, 1266, 1223, 1167, 1112, 1071, 1023, 1000, 967,940, 897, 832, 802, 710; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₃H₂₁N₂O+=341.1648, found 341.1662.

3-benzyl-5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione.To a mixture of5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (535mg, 1.5 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added NaH (60% dispersion in oil) (66mg, 1.65 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed to rt over 15 minutes,then benzyl bromide (196 μL, 1.65 mmol) was added. The reaction wasstirred at rt for 25 hours and then concentrated in vacuo. The crudematerial was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 100% hexanesto 25% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a light yellowsolid (625 mg, 1.40 mmol, 93% yield). m.p. 94-97° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 8.42 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H),7.32-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.21 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.77(d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.79-4.59 (m, 2H), 4.43 (dd, J=8.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.31(t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=14.1, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (t, J=6.6 Hz,2H), 3.09 (dd, J=14.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.25 (t,J=7.6 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 173.78, 171.03, 158.32,155.73, 149.02, 137.24, 136.01, 135.09, 130.49, 128.70 (d, J=4.3 Hz),128.16, 127.45, 123.47, 115.98, 114.83, 67.32, 51.73, 45.22, 37.63 (d,J=1.8 Hz), 25.82, 15.44. IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3033, 2966, 2931, 2874,2360, 2342, 1749, 1680, 1611, 1512, 1490, 1430, 1382, 1330, 1247, 1179,1146, 1029, 908, 730, 700. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₆H₂₇N₂O₃S⁺=447.1737, found 447.1748.

5-methyl-N-(2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)-2-nitroaniline. To a mixture of2-fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene (776 mg, 5 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.38 g, 10mmol) in DMF was added 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine (2.63 mL, 25 mmol), andthe reaction was heated to 60° C. for 72 hours. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction was poured into water (50 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine,dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 5%CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (562mg, 2.57 mmol, 51% yield). m.p. 104-106° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:8.33-8.20 (m, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=1.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H),6.51 (dd, J=8.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (s, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.73 (s, 6H);¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 147.01, 143.60, 131.22, 127.03, 117.81,116.26, 86.22, 71.92, 47.61, 30.51, 22.42. IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3331,3288, 2994, 2979, 2938, 2360, 2342, 1619, 1582, 1486, 1414, 1334, 1276,1237, 1209, 1177, 1076, 988, 940, 753, 679, 647. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₂ ⁺=219.1128, found 219.1119.

N-(4-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)-5-methyl-2-nitroaniline.To a mixture of 3-bromo-2-chloropyridine (620 mg, 3.22 mmol), CuI (37mg, 0.193 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (68 mg, 0.097 mmol) and Et₃N (6.5 mL) wasadded 5-methyl-N-(2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)-2-nitroaniline (704 mg, 3.22mmol). The reaction was heated to 100° C. for 24 hours. After cooling toroom temperature, EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) was added, the organiclayer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a yellow oil (692 mg, 2.10 mmol, 65% yield). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.30 (dd, J=4.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d,J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=7.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.19(dd, J=7.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J=8.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H),1.83 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 152.48, 148.57, 147.11,143.42, 141.51, 131.20, 126.92, 121.97, 119.95, 117.93, 116.31, 99.29,78.80, 48.28, 30.32, 22.39. IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3352, 2984, 2938,2360, 2342, 2253, 1618, 1578, 1491, 1394, 1335, 1270, 1236, 1215, 1188,1079, 908, 754, 730. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₇H₁₇ClN₃O₂+=330.1004, found 330.1011.

5-methyl-N-(2-methyl-4-(2-phenylpyridin-3-yl)but-3-yn-2-yl)-2-nitroaniline.To a mixture ofN-(4-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)-5-methyl-2-nitroaniline(241 mg, 0.73 mmol), phenylboronic acid (98 mg, 0.80 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄(85 mg, 0.073 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (164 mg, 1.55 mmol) was added toluene (6mL) and EtOH (6 mL). The reaction was heated to 110° C. for 24 hours.After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was filtered throughcelite, EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) was added, the organic layer wasseparated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated invacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silicagel: 10% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a yellowoil (252 mg, 0.678 mmol, 93% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.63 (d,1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=6.7, 2.9 Hz, 2H),7.78 (dd, J=7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.21 (dd, J=7.8, 4.8Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.52-6.39 (m, 1H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.73 (s, 6H);¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 159.97, 148.89, 146.99, 143.57, 140.99,139.26, 131.05, 129.21, 129.08, 127.89, 126.93, 121.46, 117.73, 117.32,116.14, 96.73, 81.84, 48.30, 30.18, 22.29. IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3351,3058, 2980, 2932, 2360, 2342, 1618, 1578, 1490, 1422, 1334, 1265, 1237,1186, 1077, 743. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₃H₂₂N₃O₂+=372.1707, found 372.1719.

5-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine. To a mixture of5-bromopyrimidine (795 mg, 5.0 mmol),(4-(benzyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (1.85 g, 7.5 mmol), Pd/C (10%w/w) (160 mg, 0.15 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (691 mg, 5.0 mmol) was added EtOH (30mL) and H₂O (10 mL). The reaction was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours.After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was filtered throughcelite, EtOAc (50 mL) and water (50 mL) was added and extracted withEtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrousMgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material waspurified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 30% EtOAc in hexanes) toprovide the title compound as a white solid (1.135 g, 4.05 mmol, 81%yield). m.p. 103-105° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.89(s, 2H), 7.49-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.41 (ddd, J=8.0, 6.9, 1.1 Hz, 2H),7.38-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.13 (t,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 157.54, 154.64,152.18, 147.67 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 136.17, 133.12 (d, J=1.9 Hz), 128.87,128.47, 127.70 (d, J=6.8 Hz), 127.55, 122.99 (d, J=3.6 Hz), 116.45 (d,J=2.4 Hz), 114.99 (d, J=19.6 Hz), 71.52; ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−131.81 (dd, J=11.8, 8.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3050, 3035, 2941,2883, 2578, 2360, 2341, 1618, 1585, 1559, 1522, 1417, 1403, 1389, 1302,1275, 1257, 1203, 1146, 1052, 1012, 1001, 898, 873, 855, 791, 749, 722,699, 635, 625. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₇H₁₄FN₂O+=281.1085, found 281.1105.

5-((5-bromopyridin-2-yl)methyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine.An oven-dried 200 mL round bottom flask was charged with5-bromopicolinaldehyde (2.68 g, 14.4 mmol),4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine (2.20 g, 15.8 mmol), and sodiumtriacetoxyhydroborate (6.1 g, 28.8 mmol). The flask was subjected tothree cycles of vacuum/nitrogen backfill. DCM (72 mL) was added to thereaction flask along with glacial AcOH (1.65 mL). After 19 hours at roomtemperature, the reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solutionof NH₄Cl (30 mL), diluted with CH₂Cl₂, and the organic layer wasseparated. The aqueous layer was basified with a saturated aqueoussolution of NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combinedorganic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo.The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 40%EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a white solid (4.17g, 13.5 mmol, 94% yield). mp 88-89° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.62(d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H),7.07 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.62 (s,2H), 2.95-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.83 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:157.67, 150.33, 139.28, 133.71, 133.42, 125.30, 124.54, 122.88, 119.22,63.16, 53.31, 50.98, 25.57. IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2962, 2901, 2826,2771, 2360, 2342, 1573, 1468, 1446, 1376, 1365, 1320, 1171, 1108, 1086,1001, 982, 843, 703, 652. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₃H₁₄BrN₂S⁺=309.0056, found 309.0041.

An oven dried 200 mL pressure tube was charged with5-((5-bromopyridin-2-yl)methyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine(4.02 g, 13.0 mmol), (5-formylfuran-2-yl)boronic acid (1.65 g, 11.8mmol), K₂CO₃ (4.89 g, 35.4 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (132 mg, 0.59 mmol),triphenylphosphine (619 mg, 2.36 mmol) and subjected to three cycles ofvacuum/nitrogen backfill. H₂O (43 mL) and dimethoxyethane (41 mL) werecharged to the tube. The mixture was heated at 85° C. for 18 hours thendiluted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueouslayer was extracted 2× with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers weredried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude materialwas purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) toprovide the title compound as a slightly impure white solid. Furtherpurification was achieved by dissolving the compound in CH₂Cl₂ andadding an excess of 1M HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂,separated, and treated with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The aqueous phase was thenextracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organic layers were washed withbrine then dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to afford the titlecompound as pure white solid (1.45 g, 4.5 mmol, 38% yield). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.68 (s, 1H), 8.99 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=8.2,2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d,J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s,2H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 3.00-2.83 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:177.43, 160.18, 156.71, 152.67, 146.18, 133.69, 133.42, 133.03, 125.31,123.96, 123.28, 122.91, 108.62, 63.55, 53.36, 51.04, 25.55. IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3109, 2913, 2813, 2360, 2342, 1690, 1600, 1584,1519, 1467, 1403, 1376, 1357, 1340, 1259, 1019, 965, 797, 768, 754, 700,637. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₈H₁₇N₂O₂S⁺=325.1005, found325.1014.

5-(6-((6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)furan-2-carbaldehyde.An oven-dried 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with5-(6-((6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)furan-2-carbaldehyde(0.973 g, 3.00 mmol), cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (0.406 mL, 3.30 mmol),and sodium triacetoxyhydroborate (1.27 g, 6.00 mmol). The flask wassubjected to three cycles of vacuum/nitrogen backfill. DCM (15 mL) wasadded to the reaction flask along with glacial AcOH (0.343 mL). After 3hours stirring at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with asaturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (10 mL), diluted with CH₂Cl₂, andthe organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was basified with asaturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel, gradient elution: 90% EtOAc in hexanes to 5%MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as an amber oil (1.17 g,2.8 mmol, 92% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.85 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H),7.91 (dd, J=8.1, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=5.1 Hz,1H), 6.68 (dd, J=10.6, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 6.33 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s,2H), 3.71 (ddq, J=12.5, 6.3, 3.1, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (d, J=17.5 Hz, 4H),2.99-2.83 (m, 4H), 2.78 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (t, J=10.8 Hz, 2H),1.15 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 157.28, 152.06,150.82, 144.70, 133.73, 133.34, 131.39, 125.48, 125.21, 122.94, 122.66,111.19, 106.81, 71.63, 63.52, 58.94, 54.81, 53.20, 50.85, 25.47, 19.15.IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2970, 2929, 2811, 2771, 2360, 2342, 1591, 1566,1477, 1453, 1397, 1374, 1300, 1197, 1141, 1082, 1065, 1018, 981, 837,788, 733, 700. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₄H₃₀N₃O₂S⁺=424.2053, found 424.2062.

Example 3. Preparation of Phosphines

di-p-tolylphosphine oxide. An oven-dried 200 mL round bottom flask wascharged with 4-bromotoluene (11.4 g, 66.6 mmol) and 70 mL THF. Theresulting solution was added dropwise to a separate oven-dried 200 mLround bottom flask containing magnesium turnings (1.70 g, 70 mmol) at 0°C. Upon completion of the addition, the flask was allowed to warm toroom temperature. After stirring for 2 hours at room temperature themixture was cooled with an ice bath and a solution of diethyl phosphite(2.6 mL, 20 mmol) in 7.0 mL THF was added. The mixture was allowed towarm to room temperature and stirred for two hours. Subsequently 60 mL0.1 N HCl was added drop wise over a period of 5 minutes at 0° C.,followed by addition of 60 mL methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) andstirring for further 5 minutes. The upper organic phase was decantedfrom the formed gel. 60 mL CH₂Cl₂ was added to the remaining gel and themixture agitated well for an additional 5 minutes. The resultant mixturewas then filtered through a frit equipped with Celite. After washing theCelite with CH₂Cl₂ (2×60 mL) the organic phases were combined, driedover Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product waspurified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 90% EtOAc in Hexanes) togive the product di-p-tolylphosphine oxide as a white solid (4.35 g,18.9 mmol, 94% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.63 (d, J=480 Hz,1H), 7.57 (dd, J=13.5, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 7.29 (dd, J=8.0, 2.7 Hz, 4H), 2.41(s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 143.04 (d, J=3.2 Hz), 130.70 (d,J=11.9 Hz), 129.56 (d, J=13.4 Hz), 128.32 (d, J=104.0 Hz), 21.64 (d,J=1.6 Hz); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 21.53.

bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide. An oven-dried 200 mL round bottomflask was charged with 4-bromoanisole (8.3 mL, 66.6 mmol) and 70 mL THF.The resulting solution was added dropwise to a separate oven-dried 200mL round bottom flask containing magnesium turnings (1.70 g, 70 mmol) at0° C. Upon completion of the addition, the flask was allowed to warm toroom temperature. After stirring for 2 hours at room temperature themixture was cooled with an ice bath and a solution of diethyl phosphite(2.6 mL, 20 mmol) in 7.0 mL THF was added. The mixture was allowed towarm to room temperature and stirred for two hours. Subsequently 60 mL0.1 N HCl was added drop wise over a period of 5 minutes at 0° C.,followed by addition of 60 mL methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) andstirring for further 5 minutes. The upper organic phase was decantedfrom the formed gel. 60 mL CH₂Cl₂ was added to the remaining gel and themixture agitated well for additional 5 minutes. The resultant mixturewas then filtered through a frit equipped with Celite. After washing theCelite with CH₂Cl₂ (2×60 mL) the organic phases were combined, driedover Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product waspurified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 1% MeOH in EtOAc) to givethe product bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide as a white solid (4.72g, 18.0 mmol, 90% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.03 (d, J=476 Hz,1H), 7.61 (dd, J=13.2, 8.6 Hz, 4H), 6.99 (dd, J=8.7, 2.3 Hz, 4H), 3.85(s, 6H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 162.88 (d, J=2.8 Hz), 132.63 (d,J=12.9 Hz), 123.01 (d, J=107.9 Hz), 114.43 (d, J=13.9 Hz), 55.36; ³¹PNMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 20.56.

bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)phosphine oxide. An oven-dried 100 mL roundbottom flask was charged with 4-bromo-NN-dimethylaniline (4.00 g, 20.00mmol) and 20 mL THF. The resulting solution was added dropwise to aseparate oven-dried 100 mL round bottom flask containing magnesiumturnings (504 mg, 21.00 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring for four hours atroom temperature, the mixture was cooled with an ice bath and a solutionof diethyl phosphite (773 μL, 6.00 mmol) in 2 mL THF was added. Themixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for twohours. Subsequently 16 mL 0.1 N HCl was added drop wise over a period of5 minutes at 0° C., followed by addition of 16 mL methyl tert-butylether (MTBE) and stirring for further 5 minutes. The upper organic phasewas decanted from the formed gel. 20 mL CH₂Cl₂ were added to theremaining gel and the mixture agitated well for additional 5 minutes.The resultant mixture was then filtered through a frit equipped withCelite. After washing the Celite with CH₂Cl₂ (2×30 mL) the organicphases were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed invacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silicagel: EtOAc to 2% MeOH in EtOAc) to give the productbis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)phosphine oxide as a white solid (1.38 g,16.00 mmol, 80% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.97 (d, J=468 Hz,1H), 7.50 (dd, J=13.0, 8.8 Hz, 4H), 6.71 (dd, J=8.9, 2.2 Hz, 4H), 3.01(s, 12H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 152.64 (d, J=2.4 Hz), 132.21 (d,J=12.6 Hz), 117.18 (d, J=111.9 Hz), 111.41 (d, J=13.4 Hz), 39.96; ³¹PNMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 22.11.

bis(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)phosphine oxide. An oven-dried 500 mLround bottom flask was charged with 1-(4-bromophenyl)pyrrolidine (31.0g, 137 mmol) and 140 mL THF. The resulting solution was added dropwiseto a separate oven-dried 500 mL round bottom flask containing magnesiumturnings (3.51 g, 144 mmol) at 0° C. Upon completion of the addition,the flask was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for 2hours at room temperature the mixture was cooled with an ice bath and asolution of diethyl phosphite (5.31 mL, 41.2 mmol) in 14.0 mL THF wasadded. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirredfor two hours. Subsequently 140 mL 0.1 N HCl was added drop wise over aperiod of 5 minutes at 0° C., followed by addition of 140 mL methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE) and stirring for further 5 minutes. The upperorganic phase was decanted from the formed gel. 140 mL CH₂Cl₂ was addedto the remaining gel and the mixture agitated well for additional 5minutes. The resultant mixture was then filtered through a frit equippedwith Celite. After washing the Celite with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL) the organicphases were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed invacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silicagel: 3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give the productbis(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)phosphine oxide as a white solid (11.9 g,34.8 mmol, 84% yield). mp 176-178° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.95(d, J=468.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=13.0, 8.7 Hz, 4H), 6.56 (dd, J=8.8, 2.3Hz, 4H), 3.40-3.20 (m, 8H), 2.11-1.92 (m, 8H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃)δ: 150.27 (d, J=2.3 Hz), 132.50 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 116.72 (d, J=112.6 Hz),111.45 (d, J=13.6 Hz), 47.57, 25.56; 31p NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −22.61.IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2953, 2850, 2270, 1594, 1542, 1482, 1459, 1385,1283, 1175, 1125, 1003, 961, 927, 802, 708. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₂₀H₂₆N₂OP⁺=341.1777, found 341.1769.

difluoromethyl)di-p-tolylphosphine oxide. An oven-dried 300 mL roundbottom flask was charged with di-p-tolylphosphine oxide (3.45 g, 15mmol) and K₂CO₃ (10.4 g, 75 mmol) and subjected to three cycles ofvacuum/nitrogen backfill. CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and H₂O (90 mL) were added andthe mixture was stirred until all solids dissolved. The flask was cooledto 0° C. and a solution of bromodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (6.92 mL,45 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was added. After being stirred at 0° C. for16 h, the reaction was quenched by adding water (150 mL), followed byextraction with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The organic layers were combined anddried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. After removal of the solventsin vacuo, the crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 50% EtOAc in petroleum ether) to provide the title compoundas a white solid (2.92 g, 10.4 mmol, 69% yield). mp 127-128° C.; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.75 (dd, J=11.6, 8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.35 (dd, J=7.9, 2.5Hz, 4H), 6.29 (td, J=49.2, 22.0 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 144.20 (d, J=2.9 Hz), 132.20 (d, J=10.0 Hz), 129.80 (d, J=12.7Hz), 123.45 (d, J=104.8 Hz), 115.51 (td, J=266.1, 104.6 Hz), 21.85 (d,J=1.1 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −132.25 (dd, J=69.5, 49.2 Hz);³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 23.08 (t, J=69.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3041, 2967, 2360, 2342, 1602, 1384, 1347, 1220, 1200, 1194,1121, 1080, 1040, 805, 664, 641, 629. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculatedfor C₁₅H₁₆F₂OP⁺=281.0901, found 281.0913.

(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide. An oven-dried round100 mL round bottom flask was charged with bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphineoxide (13.1 g, 50 mmol) and brought into a nitrogen-filled glovebox. LiH(0.48 g, 60 mmol) and LiCl (8.5 g, 200 mmol) were added and the flaskwas brought out of the glovebox and equipped with a nitrogen line. Aftercooling to 0° C., the flask was charged with DMF while stirring andallowed to warm to room temperature. After 30 minutes,trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (30 mL, 200 mmol) was added dropwise at0° C., and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature.After 20 minutes, the solution was cooled to 0° C. and a 1M solution ofaqueous K₂CO₃ was added slowly, and the reaction was allowed to warm toroom temperature. After 2 hours, the solution was treated with 60 mL of1M HCl and extracted (3×) with EtOAc. The combined organic layers weredried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 25%EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as white solid (12.3 g,39.5 mmol, 79% yield). mp 87-89° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.79(dd, J=11.1, 8.7 Hz, 4H), 7.04 (dd, J=8.8, 2.2 Hz, 4H), 6.27 (td,J=49.3, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.62(d, J=2.9 Hz), 134.15 (d, J=10.9 Hz), 117.74 (d, J=109.4 Hz), 115.58(td, J=265.7, 105.7 Hz), 114.67 (d, J=13.2 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃)δ: −132.26 (dd, J=69.4, 49.3 Hz); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 22.84 (t,J=69.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3012, 2964, 2845, 2360, 2342, 1594,1567, 1499, 1458, 1411, 1318, 1294, 1256, 1199, 1185, 1123, 1107, 1081,1024, 828, 815, 800, 670, 640, 575. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculatedfor C₁₅H₁₆F₂O₃P⁺=313.0800, found 313.0812.

4,4′-phosphanediylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline). A 100 mL flask was equippedwith a gas inlet, a bubbler and an addition funnel. The addition funnelwas charged with a solution of the bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)phosphineoxide (577 mg, 2.00 mmol) in 4 mL THF. This solution was added over aperiod of 15 minutes to a 1M solution of DIBAL-H in hexane (6 mL, 6.00mmol) and stirred for overnight at room temperature (caution: gasevolution). Subsequently 7 mL freshly degassed MTBE was added via theaddition funnel over ten minutes. After cooling the solution to 0° C., 4mL 2N aq. NaOH (freshly degassed) was added via the addition funnel over15 minutes (caution: vigorous gas evolution), followed by 2 mL sat. aq.NaCl over 5 minutes. The solution was stirred for additional 5 minutesand warmed to room temperature. Stirring was subsequently stopped, andthe layers allowed to separate. The organic layer was then transferredvia cannula to a second 250 mL flask charged with Na₂SO₄ (4.00 g). Afterstirring for 10 minutes the mixture was filtered under N₂ atmosphere andthe solvent removed in vacuo yielding4,4′-phosphanediylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline) as a white solid (495 mg,1.82 mmol, 91% yield) (caution: the phosphine is air sensitive andstored in glovebox).

diphenyl(trifluoromethyl)phosphane (7). An oven dried 100 mL roundbottom flask was charged with CsF, diethyl ether, andphenoxydiphenylphosphane under nitrogen. Trifluoromethyltrimethylsilanewas added and the reaction was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature,then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 2% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield thetitle compound as a pale-yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.47 (t,J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.27 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 134.09 (d,J=21.0 Hz), 130.52, 129.54 (dq, J=9.9, 3.2 Hz), 128.90 (d, J=7.9 Hz);³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 2.54 (q, J=73.3 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −55.16 (d, J=73.4 Hz).

bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(trifluoromethyl)phosphane (8). An oven-dried 300 mLround bottom flask was charged with bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide(5.24 g, 20.0 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (6.34 g, 24.0 mmol) and thensubjected to 3 cycles of vacuum/nitrogen backfill. THF (400 mL) wasadded and the reaction was cooled to 0° C. KH (2.65 g, 24.0 mmol, 36%dispersion in paraffin) was added in one portion, and the reaction wasstirred at room temperature for 30 minutes.Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (12.0 mL, 80.0 mmol) was addeddropwise, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10minutes. The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layer was dried overanhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude materialwas purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 20% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes)to provide the title compound as a pale yellow oil (1.34 g, 4.2 mmol,21% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.59-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.00-6.92 (m,4H), 3.84 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 161.54, 135.74 (d, J=22.1Hz), 120.36 (dq, J=6.7, 3.3 Hz), 114.57 (d, J=9.1 Hz), 55.24; ³¹P NMR(162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −0.54 (q, J=73.3 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−56.23 (d, J=72.8 Hz).

4,4′-((Trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) (9). To astirred solution of 4,4′-phosphanediylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline) (495 mg,1.82 mmol) and pyridine (147 μL, 1.82 mmol) in 7.5 mL of DMF was added2,8-difluoro-S-(trifluoromethyl) dibenzothiophenium triflate (760 mg,1.73 mmol) under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at rt forovernight. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was poured intowater (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organiclayer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated invacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silicagel: 5% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 4,4′-((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) as a white powder (366 mg, 1.07 mmol, 62%yield). mp 79-82° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.49 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 4H),6.72 (dd, J=1.2, 9.0 Hz, 4H), 2.99 (s, 12H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:151.68, 135.54 (d, J=22.3 Hz), 131.65 (dq, J=33.0, 319.9 Hz), 114.89,112.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz), 40.11; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −56.54 (d,J=71.4 Hz); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −1.02 (q, J=71.3 Hz); IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3087, 2895, 2820, 1593, 1544, 1513, 1481, 1443,1365, 1230, 1199, 1176, 1144, 1100, 1078, 999, 946, 800; m/z HRMS(DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₇H₂₁F₃N₂P⁺=341.1389, found 341.1360.

1,1′-(((Trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(10). An oven-dried 300 mL round bottom flask was charged withbis(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)phosphine oxide (6.81 g, 20.0 mmol) and18-crown-6 (6.34 g, 24.0 mmol) and then subjected to 3 cycles ofvacuum/nitrogen backfill. THF (136 mL) was added and the reaction wascooled to 0° C. KHMDS (1.0 M in THF) (24 mL, 24.0 mmol) was addeddropwise, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30minutes. Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (11.82 mL, 80.0 mmol) wasadded dropwise, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10minutes. The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layer was dried overanhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude materialwas purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 20% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes)to provide the title compound as a peach solid (5.08 g, 12.9 mmol, 65%yield). m.p. 163-165° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) b: 7.48 (t, J=8.4 Hz,4H), 6.58 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 4H), 3.38-3.22 (m, 8H), 2.07-1.94 (m, 8H); ¹³CNMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 149.13, 135.66 (d, J=22.5 Hz), 113.82-113.51(m), 47.56, 25.62; ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −0.42 (q, J=71.3 Hz); ¹⁹FNMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −56.83 (d, J=71.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film):2974, 2847, 1594, 1543, 1511, 1484, 1460, 1381, 1277, 1148, 1100, 1084,1000, 962, 803, 716, 698. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₁H₂₅F₃N₂P⁺=393.1702, found 393.1702.

1,1′-(((perfluoroethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine.An oven-dried 300 mL round bottom flask was charged withbis(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)phosphine oxide (681 mg, 2.0 mmol) and18-crown-6 (634 mg, 2.4 mmol) and then subjected to 3 cycles ofvacuum/nitrogen backfill. THF (13.6 mL) was added and the reaction wascooled to 0° C. KHMIDS (1.0 M in THF) (2.4 mL, 2.4 mmol) was addeddropwise, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30minutes. Trimethyl(perfluoroethyl)silane (1.41 mL, 8.0 mmol) was addeddropwise, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10minutes. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted withEtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrousMgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material waspurified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 20% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes) toprovide the title compound as a yellow solid (93 mg, 0.210 mmol, 11%yield). m.p. 149-150° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.59 (t, J=8.6 Hz,4H), 6.70-6.50 (m, 4H), 3.43-3.22 (m, 8H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 8H); ¹³C NMR(101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 149.23, 136.51 (d, J=24.3 Hz), 122.37-119.90 (m),119.32-118.33 (m), 112.60 (q, J=4.0 Hz), 111.77 (d, J=9.8 Hz), 47.48,25.59; ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −4.89 (td, J=56.5, 17.1 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR(377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −80.51 (dt, J=17.2, 3.4 Hz), −113.74 (dq, J=56.5,3.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2847, 1593, 1543, 1510, 1484, 1384,1323, 1279, 1248, 1229, 1187, 1098, 1077, 947, 809, 742, 714, 699. m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₂H₂₅F₅N₂P⁺=443.1670, found443.1689.

(difluoromethyl)diphenylphosphane. An oven-dried 300 mL round bottomflask was charged with LiBF₄ (1.12 g, 12.0 mmol), LiH (95 mg, 12.0mmol), DMF (50 mL) and then subjected to 3 cycles of vacuum/nitrogenbackfill. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., then diphenylphosphane (1.74mL, 10.0 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 5 minutes.Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (7.4 mL, 50.0 mmol) was added, and thereaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. TBAF (1 M in THF)(40 mL, 40 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 10 minutes. The reaction was quenched with water (100mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layer waswashed with water (3×200 mL) and brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrousMgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material waspurified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 100% hexanes) to providethe title compound as a colorless oil (1.075 g, 4.55 mmol, 46% yield).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.63-7.52 (m, 4H), 7.51-7.39 (m, 6H), 6.55(td, J=51.7, 14.0 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 133.92 (d, J=18.9Hz), 131.41 (dt, J=10.3, 5.8 Hz), 130.05, 128.95 (d, J=7.1 Hz), 122.35(td, J=264.7, 12.6 Hz); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −10.09 (t, J=117.4Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −117.40 (dd, J=117.5, 51.7 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3075, 3056, 2933, 2360, 2342, 1483, 1435, 1307,1288, 1064, 1022, 734, 692. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₃H₁₂F₂P⁺=237.0639, found 237.0638.

(difluoromethyl)di-p-tolylphosphine. An oven-dried 300 mL round bottomflask was charged with (difluoromethyl)di-p-tolylphosphine oxide (2.80g, 10 mmol) and subjected to 3 cycles of vacuum/nitrogen backfill.Toluene (120 mL) was added and the flask was cooled to 0° C.Trichlorosilane (4.04 mL, 40 mmol) and TfOH (0.132 mL, 1.5 mmol) wereadded and the reaction was immediately warmed to 70° C. After 22 h, thereaction was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium carbonate (500 mL)at 0° C. while stirring vigorously. The mixture was allowed to warm toroom temperature and filtered through a pad of celite, rinsing liberallywith EtOAc. The organic layer was separated and dried with anhydrousMgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material waspurified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 10% EtOAc in hexanes) toprovide the title compound as a colorless oil (2.28 g, 8.6 mmol, 86%yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.44 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.28-7.21 (m,4H), 6.49 (td, J=51.9, 13.9 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 140.20, 133.90 (d, J=19.2 Hz), 129.75 (d, J=7.4 Hz), 128.00(dt, J=8.9, 5.8 Hz), 122.56 (td, J=264.6, 12.7 Hz), 21.48; ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −117.62 (dd, J=117.5, 51.9 Hz); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃)δ: −11.58 (t, J=117.5 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3073, 3019, 2922,2866, 2361, 2342, 1599, 1498, 1448, 1398, 1307, 1287, 1188, 1094, 1065,1019, 804, 627. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₅H₁₆F₂P⁺=265.0952, found 265.0968.

difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (11). An oven-dried 2 Lround bottom flask was charged with(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide (20.6 g, 66 mmol)and subjected to 3 cycles of vacuum/nitrogen backfill. Toluene (800 mL)was added and the flask was cooled to 0° C. Trichlorosilane (26.7 mL,264 mmol) and TfOH (0.874 mL, 9.9 mmol) were added and the reaction wasimmediately warmed to 70° C. After 22 h, the reaction was quenched withsaturated aqueous sodium carbonate (1 L) at 0° C. while stirringvigorously. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature andfiltered through a pad of celite, rinsing liberally with EtOAc. Theorganic layer was separated and dried with anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 7.5% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a white solid (13.8 g, 46.5 mmol, 70% yield). mp 34-35° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.46 (tt, J=7.5, 2.3 Hz, 4H), 7.01-6.85 (m,4H), 6.45 (td, J=51.9, 14.9 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 161.21, 135.48 (d, J=20.6 Hz), 122.59 (td, J=264.8, 13.5 Hz),122.17 (q, J=6.0 Hz), 114.65 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 55.32; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −118.06 (dd, J=116.0, 51.9 Hz); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−12.74 (t, J=116.0 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3012, 2969, 2947, 2932,2840, 2361, 2342, 1590, 1568, 1497, 1281, 1249, 1217, 1186, 1108, 1095,1066, 1024, 842, 827, 812, 798. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₅H₁₆F₂O₂P⁺=297.0850, found 297.0878.

Example 4. Preparation of Trifluoromethylated Heterocycles

General Procedure A. An oven dried 8 mL vial (<0.30 mmol scale) or around bottom flask (>0.30 mmol scale) equipped with a stir bar wascharged with the heterocycle (1.0 equiv) and1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(1.1 equiv) and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 M) wasadded, the reaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (1.0 equiv) wasadded dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 1 hourbefore DBU (1.0 equiv) was added dropwise via syringe, the cooling bathwas removed and the reaction warmed to room temperature while stirring(approximately 15-30 minutes). Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to0° C., HOTf (1.5 equiv), MeOH (0.2 M) and H₂O (10 equiv) were addedsequentially. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for12 hours. The reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution ofNaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic extractswere washed with a saturated aqueous solution of brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography under the stated conditions to provide thetrifluoromethylated heterocyle.

General Procedure B. An oven dried 8 mL vial (<0.30 mmol scale) or around bottom flask (>0.30 mmol scale) equipped with a stir bar wascharged with the heterocycle (1.0 equiv) and1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(1.1 equiv) and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 M) wasadded, the reaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (1.0 equiv) wasadded dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 1 hourbefore DBU (1.0 equiv) was added dropwise via syringe, the cooling bathremoved and the reaction warmed to room temperature while stirring(approximately 15-30 minutes). Then, the mixture was stirred foradditional 30 minutes after NaHCO₃ (3 equiv), THF (0.2 M) and H₂O (10equiv) were added sequentially. The reaction was quenched with H₂O andextracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic extracts were washedwith a saturated aqueous solution of brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash columnchromatography under the stated conditions to provide thetrifluoromethylated heterocyle.

General Procedure C. An oven dried 8 mL vial (<0.30 mmol scale) or around bottom flask (>0.30 mmol scale) equipped with a stir bar wascharged with the heterocycle (1.0 equiv) and1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(1.1 equiv) and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 M) wasadded, the reaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (1.0 equiv) wasadded dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 1 hourbefore DBU (1.0 equiv) was added dropwise via syringe, the cooling bathwas removed and the reaction warmed to room temperature while stirring(approximately 15-30 minutes). Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to0° C., HOTf (1.5 equiv) and TBAF (1M in THF, 1 equiv) were addedsequentially. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for12 hours. The reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution ofNaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic extractswere washed with a saturated aqueous solution of brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography under the stated conditions to provide thetrifluoromethylated heterocyle.

4-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (16). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 2,2′-bipyridine (78 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (111 μL, 1.25 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 24 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 17% EtOAc in hexanes to 33% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a white solid (83 mg, 0.37mmol, 74% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.83 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H),8.71-8.68 (m, 2H), 8.44 (td, J=1.2, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dt, J=1.8, 7.7Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=1.7, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J=1.2, 4.8, 7.6 Hz,1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 157.69, 154.81, 150.16, 149.47, 139.39(q, J=33.9 Hz), 137.19, 124.60, 123.11 (q, J=271.6 Hz), 121.40, 119.17(q, J=3.5 Hz), 116.98 (q, J=3.7 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.78.

4′-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3′-bipyridine (17). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 2,3′-bipyridine (78 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (111 μL, 1.25 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 L,5.00 mmol) at rt for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 17% EtOAc in hexanes to 33% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a light yellow oil (83 mg,0.37 mmol, 74% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.83-8.81 (m, 2H),8.72 (td, J=1.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dt, J=1.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d,J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.34 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 154.52, 152.45, 150.27, 149.74, 136.45, 135.81 (q, J=32.3Hz), 134.18 (q, J=0.9 Hz), 124.34 (q, J=2.2 Hz), 123.27, 122.88 (q,J=273.2 Hz), 119.73 (q, J=4.8 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −59.29.

4-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)morpholine (18). Prepared accordingto general procedure A (except that the reaction was done in a pressuretube), using 4-(pyridin-2-yl)morpholine (82 mg, 0.50 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL,0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (68 μL,0.77 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL), and H₂O (90 μL, 5.00 mmol) at 60° C. for 12hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silicagel: 10% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorlessoil (19 mg, 0.08 mmol, 16% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.32 (d,J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 3.85-3.81 (m, 4H),3.59-3.55 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 159.73, 149.37, 139.94(q, J=32.9 Hz), 123.30 (q, J=273.0 Hz), 108.87 (q, J=3.3 Hz), 102.51 (q,J=4.4 Hz), 66.75, 45.43; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −65.16, IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2925, 1610, 1320, 1040, 957, 761, 667, 531. m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₀H₁₂F₃N₂O⁺=233.0902, found233.0898.

3-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (19). Prepared accordingto general procedure A using 3-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridine (95 mg, 0.50mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 12 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 17% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a light-yellow oil (106 mg, 0.41 mmol, 82% yield). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.49 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d,J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.02 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 159.80 (d,J=242.7 Hz), 151.56 (d, J=2.7 Hz), 151.23, 144.49, 141.39, 127.97 (q,J=32.8 Hz), 122.21 (q, J=272.1 Hz), 121.02 (d, J=8.4 Hz), 120.44 (q,J=3.1 Hz), 117.00 (d, J=23.5 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −63.66,−117.55; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3047, 1599, 1572, 1501, 1489, 1411,1322, 1290, 1257, 1218, 1181, 1138, 1090, 1069, 1057, 1011, 881, 832,823, 769, 732, 649, 617; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₂H₁₂F₄NO⁺=258.0537, found 258.0551.

4-(Trifluoromethyl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)nicotinamide (20).Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added,the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) usingN-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)nicotinamide (133 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 72 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a light-yellow solid (58 mg, 0.18 mmol, 35% yield). mp167-171° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.93 (br s, 2H), 7.88 (s, 1H),7.73 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.66-7.64 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, d₆-Acetone)δ: 164.61, 153.24, 150.29, 143.05, 135.40 (q, J=33.3 Hz), 130.86,127.11-127.07 (m), 126.40 (q, J=32.3 Hz), 125.35 (q, J=269.1 Hz), 123.64(q, J=272.4 Hz), 121.08-120.92 (m), 120.72-120.53 (m); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −61.24, −62.31; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3255, 1649, 1605,1548, 1413, 1404, 1317, 1289, 1272, 1190, 1141, 1065, 1048, 1019, 898,841, 703, 658; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₄H₉F₆N₂O⁺=335.0614, found 335.0621.

5-(Methoxymethyl)-2-(phenylethynyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (21).Prepared according to general procedure A using5-(methoxymethyl)-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (112 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 20 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 9% EtOAc in hexanes to 17% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid (117 mg,0.40 mmol, 80% yield). mp 65-68° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.91 (s,1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.35 (m, 3H), 4.67 (s, 2H),3.48 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 151.37, 143.72, 135.75 (q,J=32.7 Hz), 132.24, 129.95 (q, J=1.6 Hz), 129.51, 128.56, 122.81 (q,J=273.5 Hz), 122.62 (q, J=5.2 Hz), 121.75, 91.04, 87.71, 68.69 (q, J=2.5Hz), 58.98; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.62; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film):3064, 2984, 2920, 2888, 2825, 2226, 1600, 1496, 1471, 1458, 1445, 1392,1299, 1283, 1270, 1204, 1185, 1165, 1136, 1117, 1054, 971, 932, 922,905, 894, 760, 690, 678; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₆H₁₃F₃NO⁺=292.0944, found 292.0973.

4-Fluoro-2-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione(22). Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂Oadded, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using4-fluoro-2-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (128 mg, 0.50mmol), 1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine (216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL,0.50 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) andH₂O (90 μL, 5.00 mmol) at rt for 43 hours. The crude material waspurified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes to50% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as an off-whitesolid (141 mg, 0.44 mmol, 87% yield). mp 163-166° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 8.52 (s, 1H), 7.86-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.49 (dt,J=1.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 165.76 (d,J=2.9 Hz), 163.45 (d, J=1.5 Hz), 162.17, 158.05 (d, J=265.7 Hz), 151.58,137.51 (d, J=7.7 Hz), 137.21 (q, J=32.4 Hz), 133.84 (d, J=1.3 Hz),123.19 (d, J=19.4 Hz), 122.21 (q, J=2.0 Hz), 121.86 (q, J=273.0 Hz),120.64 (q, J=4.2 Hz), 120.46 (d, J=3.8 Hz), 117.74 (d, J=12.4 Hz),24.58; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −63.14, −110.89; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3501, 3083, 1784, 1724, 1664, 1610, 1495, 1479, 1442, 1391,1294, 1267, 1251, 1216, 1197, 1169, 1135, 1099, 1062, 1040, 968, 915,892, 869, 822,794, 781, 743, 704, 670, 635, 607, 557; m/z HRMS (DART):[M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₅H₉F₄N₂O₂ ⁺=325.0595, found 325.0621.

Methyl 6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinate (23). Prepared accordingto general procedure B using methyl 6-methylnicotinate (76 mg, 0.50mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), NaHCO₃ (126 mg, 1.50 mmol), THF (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at rt for 30 minutes. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a light-yellow solid (92 mg, 0.42 mmol, 84% yield). mp31-33° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.00 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 3.96(s, 3H), 2.69 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 165.19, 163.59,151.53, 137.10 (q, J=34.0 Hz), 122.30 (q, J=1.7 Hz), 122.26 (q, J=272.8Hz), 119.96 (q, J=5.1 Hz), 53.09, 24.90; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−61.98; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3453, 3078, 2964, 2858, 1733, 1694,1602, 1569, 1442, 1384, 1367, 1257, 1232, 1214, 1147, 1125, 1050, 956,890, 817, 790, 732, 671; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₉H₉F₃NO₂ ⁺=220.0580, found 220.0587.

Methyl 5-cyclopropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)picolinate (24). Preparedaccording to general procedure A using methyl 5-cyclopropylpicolinate(89 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at rt for 48 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 17% EtOAc in hexanes to 33% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a white solid (115 mg, 0.47mmol, 93% yield). mp 76-78° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.44 (s, 1H),8.29 (s, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.25-1.20 (m, 2H),1.00-0.96 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.73, 148.52, 146.02,140.71, 138.10 (q, J=31.9 Hz), 123.05 (q, J=273.3 Hz), 120.78 (q, J=5.1Hz), 53.11, 10.87, 9.67; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.60; IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3424, 3029, 2963, 1718, 1680, 1601, 1558, 1491,1456, 1442, 1323, 1310, 1258, 1154, 1124, 1069, 1042, 1017, 986, 923,909, 879, 863, 806, 788, 754, 746, 669, 629; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₁₁H₁₁F₃NO₂ ⁺=246.0736, found 246.0752.

2-Chloro-5-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (25). Prepared accordingto general procedure A using 2-chloro-5-phenylpyridine (95 mg, 0.50mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), THF (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 80° C. for 72 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a colorless oil (92 mg, 0.37 mmol, 73% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 3H),7.34-7.31 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 152.64, 151.36, 138.59(q, J=32.1 Hz), 134.67 (q, J=1.8 Hz), 134.55, 129.26 (q, J=1.5 Hz),128.94, 128.44, 122.19 (q, J=273.7 Hz), 120.67 (q, J=5.2 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR(376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −59.70; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3061, 1586, 1463,1445, 1303, 1284, 1253, 1215, 1122, 1076, 1035, 885, 840, 775, 757, 699,684, 665; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₂H₈ClF₃N⁺=258.0292,found 258.0297.

1-(Ethylsulfonyl)-4-(5-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine(26). Prepared according to general procedure A using1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (135 mg, 0.50mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 48 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as an off-white solid (28 mg, 0.08 mmol, 16% yield). mp103-106° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.11 (s, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H),3.65-3.63 (m, 4H), 3.41-3.38 (m, 4H), 2.98 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (q,J=1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.38 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:157.79, 150.94, 138.26 (q, J=30.7 Hz), 123.55 (q, J=273.0 Hz), 119.74(q, J=1.6 Hz), 103.46 (d, J=5.5 Hz), 45.63, 45.54, 44.10, 15.18 (q,J=1.5 Hz), 7.88; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.34; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 2980, 2926, 2870, 1726, 1612, 1499, 1433, 1386, 1354, 1342,1326, 1303, 1276, 1244, 1219, 1193, 1138, 1117, 1067, 1048, 1005, 957,937, 868, 847, 837, 779, 753, 715, 678; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₁₃H₁₉F₃N₃O₂S⁺=338.1145, found 338.1149.

2-Benzyl-3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (27). Prepared accordingto general procedure B, using 2-benzyl-3-fluoropyridine (94 mg, 0.50mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), NaHCO₃ (126mg, 1.50 mmol), H₂O (90 μL, 5.00 mmol), THF (2.5 mL) at rt for 30minutes. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silicagel: 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorlessoil (75 mg, 0.29 mmol, 58% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.51 (d,J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.21 (m, 6H), 4.27 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 153.77 (dq, J=267.0, 2.3 Hz), 151.46 (d, J=15.0 Hz),145.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz), 137.51, 129.12, 128.81, 126.94, 125.64 (qd,J=34.0, 11.1 Hz), 121.62 (q, J=273.6 Hz), 119.0 (qd, J=4.0, 1.2 Hz),38.08; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.72 (J=12.5 Hz, 3F),−127.75-(−127.61) (m, 1F), IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3032, 2932, 1430,1226, 1149, 907, 728. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₃H₁₀F₄N⁺=256.0749, found 256.0772.

3-Methyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (28). Preparedaccording to general procedure A, using3-methyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)pyridine (88 mg, 0.50 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (68 μL,0.77 mmol), H₂O (90 μL, 5.00 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) at rt for 20 hours.The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 10%EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (72mg, 0.29 mmol, 59% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.64 (d, J=5.0 Hz,1H), 7.55 (dd, J=3.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd,J=5.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=5.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (d, J=1.6 Hz,3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 156.79, 147.37, 140.62, 137.76 (q,J=30.8 Hz), 128.84 (m), 128.78, 125.87, 125.61, 123.50 (q, J=275.1 Hz),118.23 (q, J=5.3 Hz), 16.24 (q, J=1.9 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−63.10, IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2928, 2359, 1425, 1317, 1129, 1057, 907,732, 530. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₁H₉F₃NS⁺=244.0408,found 244.0404.

5-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile (29). Prepared according togeneral procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added, the reaction mixturewas stirred for 1 hour at −30° C.) using 5-bromonicotinonitrile (92 mg,0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 80% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a white solid (65 mg, 0.26 mmol, 51% yield). mp 40-43° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 158.07, 153.44, 138.75 (q, J=32.9 Hz), 122.71 (q, J=275.9 Hz),119.11, 113.23, 108.54 (q, J=1.3 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−60.76; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3070, 2923, 2240, 1547, 1535, 1407,1277, 1233, 1208, 1196, 1171, 1148, 1057, 916, 850, 757, 687, 609; m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₇H₃BrF₃N₂ ⁺=250.9426, found250.9429.

2-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,8-naphthyridine (30). Prepared accordingto general procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added, the reactionmixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using2-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine (72 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (111 μL, 1.25 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc, 2% Et₃N in hexanes) to providethe title compound as a brown solid (55 mg, 0.26 mmol, 51% yield). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.21 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (qd, J=1.9, 8.7 Hz,1H), 7.72 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.21, 156.26, 152.75, 135.34 (q, J=32.2 Hz),133.18 (q, J=2.2 Hz), 124.43, 123.01 (q, J=272.8 Hz), 118.13 (q, J=5.0Hz), 116.13 (q, J=0.5 Hz), 25.67; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −60.81.

4-(Trifluoromethyl)-1,5-naphthyridine (31). Prepared according togeneral procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added, the reaction mixturewas stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using 1,5-naphthyridine (65 mg, 0.50mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (111 μL, 1.25 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 16 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a white solid (41 mg, 0.21 mmol, 41% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.15-9.13 (m, 2H), 8.51 (dd, J=1.8, 8.6 Hz, 1H),7.93 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J=4.2, 8.6 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 152.22, 150.77, 144.75, 139.46, 137.86, 135.58 (q, J=31.2 Hz),125.32, 122.97 (q, J=273.1 Hz), 121.29 (q, J=5.0 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −61.68.

2-Phenyl-7-(trfluoromethyl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine (32). Prepared accordingto general procedure A using 2-phenylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine (98 mg, 0.50mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 17% EtOAc in hexanes to 33% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a light yellow solid (112 mg,0.43 mmol, 85% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.66 (d, J=5.0 Hz,1H), 7.95-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.38 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29(s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 161.36, 151.27, 146.32, 142.78,130.28, 129.06, 128.84, 125.64, 122.28 (q, J=271.4 Hz), 120.71 (q,J=35.6 Hz), 114.36, 102.21; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.06.

4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridazine-3-carbonitrile (33). Prepared according togeneral procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added, the reaction mixturewas stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using pyridazine-3-carbonitrile (53mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), THF (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a light-yellow oil (32 mg, 0.19 mmol, 37% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.64 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 152.62, 135.72 (q, J=0.9 Hz), 132.56 (q, J=36.2Hz), 122.85 (q, J=4.1 Hz), 120.65 (q, J=273.6 Hz), 112.47; ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.21; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3078, 1555, 1435, 1344,1307, 1194, 1149, 1108, 1072, 1028, 867, 834, 783, 750, 663; m/z LRMS(ESI+APCI): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₆H₃F₃N₃ ⁺=174.0, found 174.0.

5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (34). Preparedaccording to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added, thereaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine (93 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), MeOH (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at rt for 30 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 17% EtOAc in hexanes to 33% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid (100 mg,0.39 mmol, 78% yield). mp 66-70° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.31 (s,1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.98 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H);¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 160.97, 160.48, 156.98, 151.96 (q, J=33.9Hz), 133.64, 130.29 (q, J=1.6 Hz), 125.31, 121.05 (q, J=275.2 Hz),114.23, 55.42; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −63.60; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3021, 2966, 2934, 2839, 1612, 1572, 1548, 1515, 1459, 1450,1440, 1416, 1398, 1326, 1308, 1294, 1251, 1231, 1180, 1166, 1132, 1110,1085, 1032, 1018, 997, 930, 833, 819, 800, 786, 730, 658; m/z HRMS(DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₂H₁₀F₃N₂O⁺=255.0740, found 255.0739.

7-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (50). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 7-bromoquinoline (104 mg, 0.50 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(216 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.50 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.50 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HOTf (67 μL, 0.75 mmol), THF (2.5 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 24 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes to 50% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the mixture of compounds as a light-brown solid (122mg, 0.44 mmol, 88% yield). Major, ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.03 (d,J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.5 Hz,1H), 7.70 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H); Major, ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 150.75,149.68, 134.60 (d, J=32.0 Hz), 132.87, 132.01, 125.44 (q, J=2.3 Hz),124.74, 123.27 (q, J=273.0 Hz), 121.71, 118.31 (d, J=5.2 Hz); Major, ¹⁹FNMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −61.44; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3055, 3023,2923, 1606, 1499, 1443, 1347, 1323, 1287, 1271, 1252, 1187, 1145, 1113,1092, 1062, 977, 886, 856, 824, 775, 739, 653, 623, 610; m/z HRMS(DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₀H₆BrF₃N⁺=275.9630, found 275.9616.

3-(((1-Benzhydrylazetidin-3-yl)methoxy)methyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine(54). Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂Oadded, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using3-(((1-benzhydrylazetidin-3-yl)methoxy)methyl)pyridine (86 mg, 0.25mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (56 μL, 0.63 mmol), MeOH (1.25 mL) and H₂O (45 μL,2.50 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc, 2% Et₃N in hexanes) to providethe title compound as an off-white solid (77 mg, 0.19 mmol, 75% yield).mp 56-58° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J=5.1Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.23 (m, 4H),7.18-7.13 (m, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 3.69 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H),3.29 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.81-2.71 (m, 1H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 151.16, 149.83, 142.32, 135.37 (q, J=32.5 Hz),131.02 (q, J=1.7 Hz), 128.50, 127.60, 127.13, 123.12 (q, J=273.2 Hz),119.23 (q, J=5.1 Hz), 78.13, 73.70, 67.31 (q, J=2.2 Hz), 56.43, 29.82;¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.39; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3031, 2942,2911, 2853, 1731, 1724, 1596, 1489, 1451, 1404, 1368, 1348, 1318, 1301,1235, 1205, 1181, 1151, 1129, 1067, 1036, 976, 840, 821, 808, 780, 747,707, 659, 638, 614; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₄H₂₄F₃N₂O⁺=413.1835, found 413.1864.

3-Phenyl-5-(((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)isoxazole (55).Prepared according to general procedure A using3-phenyl-5-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)isoxazole (63 mg, 0.25 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (56 μL, 0.63 mmol), MeOH (1.25 mL) and H₂O (90 μL,5.00 mmol) at 80° C. for 72 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compoundas an off-white solid (56 mg, 0.18 mmol, 70% yield). mp 56-59° C.; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.34 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.79 (m, 2H),7.49-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.16 (dd, J=1.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.65 (s,1H), 5.58 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.32, 162.96, 162.64,148.31, 141.49 (q, J=33.8 Hz), 130.23, 129.05, 128.94, 126.96, 122.64(q, J=271.6 Hz), 113.42 (q, J=3.2 Hz), 108.07 (q, J=4.0 Hz), 101.90,58.81; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.96; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3120,3053, 2920, 2850, 1622, 1569, 1490, 1473, 1426, 1407, 1337, 1289, 1271,1231, 1170, 1160, 1131, 1081, 1037, 1002, 985, 951, 908, 884, 838, 826,786, 766, 689, 667; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₆H₁₂F₃N₂O₂⁺=321.0845, found 321.0862.

2-Methyl-6-(1-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)ethoxy)quinoline(56). Prepared according to general procedure A using2-methyl-6-(1-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)ethoxy)quinoline (85 mg, 0.25mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (56 μL, 0.63 mmol), MeOH (1.25 mL) and H₂O (45 μL,2.50 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc, 2% Et₃N in hexanes to 33% EtOAc,5% Et₃N in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (45mg, 0.11 mmol, 44% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.75 (d, J=5.2 Hz,1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=2.8, 9.2 Hz, 1H),7.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H),5.50 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 1.74 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 156.64, 155.35, 152.70, 149.48, 143.95, 143.37,135.91 (q, J=31.6 Hz), 135.18, 135.05, 130.18, 129.67 (q, J=1.7 Hz),127.30, 125.52, 122.94 (q, J=273.3 Hz), 122.71, 122.29, 119.55 (q, J=4.8Hz), 108.69, 76.13, 25.14, 24.33; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −59.25; IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3031, 2979, 2929, 1622, 1601, 1563, 1497, 1478,1443, 1398, 1376, 1342, 1320, 1304, 1255, 1224, 1179, 1134, 1064, 1001,968, 940, 908, 831, 730, 659, 615; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculatedfor C₂₄H₂₀F₃N₂O⁺=409.1522, found 409.1541.

4-(2-Bromo-5-fluorophenoxy)-7-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (57).Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added,the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using4-(2-bromo-5-fluorophenoxy)-7-chloroquinoline (88 mg, 0.25 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (33 μL, 0.38 mmol), THF (1.25 mL) and H₂O (45 μL,2.50 mmol) at rt for 22 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 5% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a white solid (90 mg, 0.22 mmol, 86% yield). mp 150-153° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.38 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=2.0 Hz,1H), 7.75-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.08-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.70 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 162.60 (d, J=249.8 Hz), 161.89, 151.01 (d, J=10.5 Hz),150.11 (q, J=34.8 Hz), 149.40, 138.05, 135.33 (d, J=9.0 Hz), 129.58,128.97, 123.40, 121.09 (q, J=273.9 Hz), 119.74, 115.73 (d, J=22.2 Hz),111.36 (d, J=24.8 Hz), 110.83 (d, J=4.2 Hz), 99.91 (q, J=2.2 Hz); ¹⁹FNMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −67.87, −109.55; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3101,3081, 1614, 1588, 1569, 1478, 1438, 1424, 1412, 1372, 1285, 1244, 1197,1158, 1147, 1128, 1118, 1102, 1073, 1038, 963, 950, 925, 914, 880, 865,842, 829, 815, 739, 621, 600; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₆H₈BrClF₄NO⁺=419.9408, found 419.9420.

3-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine(58). Prepared according to general procedure A using3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)pyridine (73 mg, 0.25mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (56 μL, 0.63 mmol), MeOH (1.25 mL) and H₂O (45 μL,2.50 mmol) at 40° C. for 24 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc, 2% Et₃N in hexanes) toprovide the title compound as a colorless oil (66 mg, 0.18 mmol, 73%yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.55-8.53 (m, 2H), 7.90 (dd, J=0.8,2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J=0.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H),7.39-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.94 (ddd, J=1.4, 2.2, 8.2 Hz,1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 159.62,157.51, 147.69, 146.57, 145.82, 145.53, 141.19, 136.95, 129.83 (q,J=32.6 Hz), 129.73, 129.51, 125.05, 122.28 (q, J=272.2 Hz), 121.66,120.26 (q, J=4.5 Hz), 114.69, 114.09, 55.31, 17.54; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −63.10; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2938, 2836, 1571, 1490, 1456,1440, 1407, 1322, 1288, 1231, 1184, 1137, 1068, 1056, 1040, 937, 869,836, 820, 784, 743, 698, 649, 615; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculatedfor C₁₉H₁₆F₃N₂O₂ ⁺=361.1158, found 361.1173.

Methyl6-chloro-4-(((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)nicotinate(59). Prepared according to general procedure A using methyl6-chloro-4-((pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)nicotinate (70 mg, 0.25 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (56 μL, 0.63 mmol), MeOH (1.25 mL) and H₂O (45 μL,2.50 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes to 33% EtOAc, 2% Et₃Nin hexanes) to provide the title compound as a white solid (77 mg, 0.22mmol, 89% yield). mp 115-118° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.78-8.73(m, 3H), 8.66 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H),4.67 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:167.89, 156.25, 155.61, 153.19, 150.53, 150.44, 135.99 (q, J=32.5 Hz),129.21, 123.05 (q, J=273.2 Hz), 119.81 (q, J=5.0 Hz), 107.44, 104.89,52.18, 41.25 (q, J=2.6 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.47; IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3310, 3009, 2955, 2846, 1710, 1586, 1559, 1500,1448, 1436, 1419, 1393, 1358, 1309, 1275, 1261, 1244, 1215, 1182, 1152,1109, 1062, 977, 960, 934, 888, 838, 786, 776, 750, 717, 661, 613; m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₄H₁₂ClF₃N₃O₂ ⁺=346.0565, found346.0570.

2-(3-Fluoro-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine(60). Prepared according to general procedure A using2-(3-fluoro-5-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (80 mg,0.25 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (56 μL, 0.63 mmol), MeOH (1.25 mL) and H₂O (45 μL,2.50 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a white solid (84 mg, 0.22 mmol, 87% yield). mp 87-90° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.96-8.95 (m, 1H), 8.86 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H),8.73 (s, 1H), 8.02 (dd, J=2.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.67 (d,J=5.1 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 162.91 (d, J=246.6 Hz),161.67, 158.56 (q, J=1.3 Hz), 152.36, 150.31, 146.93 (q, J=4.0 Hz),140.25 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 138.39 (d, J=8.3 Hz), 136.05 (q, J=31.9 Hz),134.38 (q, J=3.5 Hz), 133.83, 125.88 (q, J=33.0 Hz), 124.01 (q, J=1.5Hz), 123.65 (q, J=270.6 Hz), 122.86 (q, J=273.2 Hz), 120.21, 119.68 (q,J=4.5 Hz), 118.02 (dd, J=1.6, 22.8 Hz), 114.59 (d, J=23.0 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR(376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −59.27, −62.37, −111.82; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film):3046, 2924, 2360, 1599, 1573, 1492, 1430, 1399, 1384, 1330, 1316, 1279,1239, 1183, 1170, 1153, 1135, 1113, 1081, 1067, 1042, 1014, 938, 922,882, 840, 769, 697, 658, 633, 616; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculatedfor C₁₈H₁₀F₇N₂ ⁺=387.0727, found 387.0748.

(R)-1-(3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethyl5-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)picolinate (63). Prepared according togeneral procedure A using (R)-1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) ethyl5-methylpicolinate (76 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (18 μL, 0.20 mmol), TBAF (0.2 mL, 0.20 mmol, 1M inTHF) at rt for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 50% DCM in hexanes to 80% DCM in hexanes) toprovide the title compound as a white solid (76 mg, 0.17 mmol, 85%yield). mp 55-57° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s,1H), 7.93 (s, 2H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 6.28 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H),1.80 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.59, 153.46,146.63, 143.76, 137.73 (q, J=32.2 Hz), 135.51 (q, J=1.7 Hz), 132.23 (q,J=33.2 Hz), 126.72 (q, J=3.8 Hz), 123.28 (q, J=271.0 Hz), 122.87 (q,J=273.1 Hz), 122.42-122.23 (m), 121.18 (q, J=5.1 Hz), 72.93, 22.05,16.51 (q, J=1.9 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.90, −64.10; IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 1746, 1382, 1370, 1361, 1321, 1303, 1283, 1268,1243, 1200, 1163, 1114, 1103, 1067, 1059, 1005, 915, 900, 857, 841, 816,787, 744, 728, 707, 683, 677; LRMS (ESI+APCI): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₈H₁₃F₉NO₂ ⁺=446.1, found 446.2.

Ethyl4-((4-chlorophenyl)(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate(65). Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂Oadded, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) usingethyl 4-((4-chlorophenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate(94 mg, 0.25 mmol), 1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine (108 mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HOTf (33 μL, 0.38 mmol),MeOH (1.25 mL) and H₂O (45 μL, 2.50 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crudematerial was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (85 mg, 0.19mmol, 77% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.67 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H),7.77 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.28 (m, 2H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 4.12(q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.15 (m,2H), 1.87-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.79, 155.59, 150.05, 139.35, 139.34 (q,J=33.8 Hz), 133.94, 128.90, 128.31, 122.87 (q, J=271.7 Hz), 118.21 (q,J=3.6 Hz), 116.08 (q, J=3.7 Hz), 80.60, 73.08, 61.40, 41.18, 41.09,31.39, 30.89, 14.76; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.73; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 2931, 1692, 1488, 1473, 1432, 1407, 1383, 1331, 1273, 1227,1204, 1167, 1135, 1083, 1029, 1014, 964, 921, 832, 767, 723, 665; m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₁H₂₃ClF₃N₂O₃ ⁺=443.1344, found443.1347.

(S)-3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (69).Prepared according to general procedure A using(S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine (33 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (44 μL, 0.50 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: EtOAc) to provide the title compound as alight-yellow oil (30 mg, 0.13 mmol, 65% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ: 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (t, J=7.9Hz, 1H), 3.27 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m, 3H),2.05-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.62 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 151.88, 148.71, 137.15, 136.03 (q, J=31.5 Hz), 123.34 (q,J=273.2 Hz), 118.57, 64.85, 56.88, 40.39, 35.91, 23.04; ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −60.50; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2944, 2779, 1454, 1409,1315, 1290, 1235, 1170, 1128, 1062, 1043, 900, 835, 659, 614; m/z HRMS(DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₁H₁₄F₃N₂ ⁺=231.1104, found 231.1106.

((4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methylene)bis(4,1-phenylene) diacetate(70). Prepared according to general procedure B using(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)bis(4,1-phenylene) diacetate (72 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), NaHCO₃ (50 mg, 0.60 mmol), THF (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL,2.00 mmol) at rt for 50 minutes. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a white solid (78 mg, 0.18 mmol, 90% yield). mp131-133° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.78 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H),7.39-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 4H), 7.05 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 4H), 5.71(s, 1H), 2.81 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 169.49, 164.31,150.80, 149.68, 139.25, 139.06 (q, J=33.7 Hz), 130.32, 122.86 (q,J=271.7 Hz), 121.80, 119.31 (q, J=3.6 Hz), 117.48 (q, J=3.5 Hz), 58.14,21.23; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.65; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3053,2926, 1749, 1607, 1570, 1503, 1479, 1403, 1367, 1330, 1269, 1216, 1201,1162, 1140, 1107, 1087, 1046, 1015, 958, 919, 879, 862, 848, 838, 800,777, 750, 697, 677, 657, 644, 630, 593; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculatedfor C₂₃H₁₉F₃NO₄ ⁺=430.1261, found 430.1271.

(E)-2-(3-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine(72). (E)-2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)pyridine (56mg, 0.20 mmol) was dissolved in Et2O (1 mL) and cooled to 0° C.Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (18 μL, 0.20 mmol) was added dropwise, theice bath was removed, and the solution was stirred for 10 minutes atroom temperature. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and theresulting acid salt was subjected to general procedure A (except thatafter Tf₂O added, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50°C.) using1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (60 μL, 0.40 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (44 μL, 0.50 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 2% Et₃N in EtOAc) to provide the titlecompound as a light-yellow solid (43 mg, 0.12 mmol, 62% yield). mp39-41° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.73 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd,J=1.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.08 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (t,J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.23 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.40 (s, 3H),1.79-1.74 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 160.26, 150.18, 141.11,138.65 (q, J=33.4 Hz), 137.55, 134.64, 132.76, 129.76, 129.48, 123.01(q, J=271.5 Hz), 117.40 (q, J=3.7 Hz), 117.25 (q, J=3.4 Hz), 54.84,54.29, 23.64, 21.42; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.83; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3386, 3024, 2969, 2877, 2790, 1630, 1605, 1568, 1512, 1460,1434, 1397, 1327, 1233, 1168, 1139, 1083, 957, 932, 902, 878, 839, 816,782, 750, 729, 711, 690, 659, 641; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₀H₂₂F₃N₂ ⁺=347.1730, found 347.1735.

Ethyl4-(8-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate(74). Prepared according to general procedure A using ethyl4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate(77 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (27 μL, 0.30 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at rt for 16 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes to 50% EtOAc inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (75 mg, 0.17mmol, 83% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.55 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H),7.41 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.09 (m, 3H), 4.14 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H),3.82-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.13 (m, 3H), 2.97-2.88 (m,1H), 2.51-2.33 (m, 3H), 2.14-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.24 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 162.47, 155.57, 147.72, 138.37, 137.83, 136.35(q, J=31.4 Hz), 134.63, 133.64, 133.47, 131.89, 131.31, 130.32, 126.23,123.33 (q, J=273.5 Hz), 118.59 (q, J=5.2 Hz), 61.52, 44.89, 44.64,31.92, 30.86, 30.62, 26.18, 14.77; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −61.88;IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2980, 2909, 1692, 1590, 1476, 1430, 1406, 1326,1300, 1278, 1222, 1155, 1119, 1092, 1061, 1028, 999, 981, 907, 844, 813,766, 729, 690, 682; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₃H₂₃ClF₃N₂O₂⁺=451.1395, found 451.1412.

5,7-Dichloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (76).Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂O added,the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using5,7-dichloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)quinoline (62 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (27 μL, 0.30 mmol), THF (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at rt for 22 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 5% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a white solid (68 mg, 0.18 mmol, 90% yield). mp 82-85° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.15 (m,5H), 6.86 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.61, 160.67 (d,J=244.6 Hz), 150.88, 150.39 (q, J=35.0 Hz), 149.15 (d, J=2.8 Hz),136.63, 131.53, 130.68, 128.55, 122.61 (d, J=8.5 Hz), 120.85 (q, J=274.0Hz), 118.50, 117.68 (q, J=23.4 Hz), 102.15 (q, J=2.4 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −68.35, −115.41; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3103, 1750,1599, 1586, 1565, 1503, 1431, 1386, 1366, 1330, 1316, 1266, 1241, 1214,1186, 1139, 1123, 1099, 1070, 1014, 964, 926, 855, 835, 770, 738, 724,694, 611; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₆H₈Cl₂F₄NO⁺=375.9914,found 375.9930.

3-Benzyl-5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione(77). Prepared according to general procedure B using3-benzyl-5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione(89 mg, 0.20 mmol), 1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine (86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O(34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), NaHCO₃ (50mg, 0.60 mmol), THF (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00 mmol) at rt for 30minutes. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silicagel: 33% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as a whitesolid (50 mg, 0.10 mmol, 49% yield). mp 111-114° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 8.57 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.25 (s, 5H), 7.04 (d, J=8.6 Hz,2H), 6.75 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.72-4.64 (m, 2H), 4.42 (dd, J=4.0, 8.8 Hz,1H), 4.32 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=4.0, 14.2 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (t,J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=8.8, 14.2 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),1.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 173.79, 171.02,158.17, 157.13, 152.07, 136.14 (q, J=31.0 Hz), 135.12, 134.66 (q, J=1.6Hz), 130.55, 128.73, 128.17, 127.70, 123.52 (q, J=273.1 Hz), 119.50 (q,J=5.2 Hz), 114.83, 66.82, 51.693, 45.24, 37.68, 37.62, 23.14 (q, J=1.8Hz), 15.76; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.14; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film):3032, 2921, 1740, 1679, 1610, 1582, 1514, 1493, 1467, 1456, 1436, 1380,1335, 1324, 1308, 1296, 1279, 1265, 1247, 1198, 1180, 1146, 1122, 1080,1069, 1054, 1029, 964, 899, 879, 824, 810, 790, 745, 722, 696, 678, 668,626, 601; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₇H₂₆F₃N₂O₃S⁺=515.1611,found 515.1646.

(1R,4R,5R)-2-((R)-(Benzyloxy)(2-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl)methyl)-5-vinylquinuclidine(79). Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂Oadded, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using(1R,4R,5R)-2-((R)-(benzyloxy)(quinolin-4-yl)methyl)-5-vinylquinuclidine(77 mg, 0.20 mmol), 1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine (86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (44 μL, 0.50 mmol),MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00 mmol) at 40° C. for 20 hours. The crudematerial was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 2% Et₃N inEtOAc) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (48 mg, 0.11mmol, 53% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.29 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),8.22 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.37-7.27(m, 5H), 5.79-5.70 (m, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 4.98-4.90 (m, 2H), 4.42 (dd,J=1.1, 13.1 Hz, 2H), 3.38-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.57 (m,2H), 2.29-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.65 (s, 4H), 1.55-1.48 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 149.87, 147.86 (q, J=34.2 Hz), 147.77, 141.88,137.41, 131.33, 130.54, 128.79, 128.66, 128.15, 128.14, 127.35, 123.41,121.78 (q, J=273.8 Hz), 119.89, 114.51, 81.06, 72.00, 61.14, 57.09,43.19, 40.03, 27.93, 27.79, 22.85; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −67.43;IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3066, 2934, 2864, 1636, 1596, 1569, 1511, 1467,1454, 1423, 1363, 1320, 1251, 1212, 1180, 1132, 1095, 1046, 1027, 990,905, 807, 761, 732, 698, 669; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₇H₂₈F₃N₂O⁺=453.2148, found 453.2177.

5-Chloro-6′-methyl-3-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-4′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3′-bipyridine(80). Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂Oadded, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using5-chloro-6′-methyl-3-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2,3′-bipyridine (72 mg,0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (44 μL, 0.50 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at rt for 60 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 20% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂ to 33% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂)to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (68 mg, 0.16 mmol, 80%yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.70 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H),7.83 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:160.09, 151.81, 150.96, 148.02, 142.68, 140.36, 137.47, 136.81 (q,J=32.0 Hz), 136.59, 132.15, 130.33, 129.04, 127.82, 122.77 (q, J=273.5Hz), 120.04 (q, J=3.5 Hz), 44.48, 24.48; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−60.13; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3054, 2926, 1601, 1573, 1538, 1493,1431, 1386, 1367, 1310, 1268, 1218, 1140, 1089, 1033, 1012, 956, 906,888, 836, 790, 771, 728, 674, 661, 646, 593; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₁₉H₁₅Cl₂F₃N₂O₂S⁺=427.0489, found 427.0503.

2-((1-(4-Phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine(81). Prepared according to general procedure A using2-((1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)pyridine (64 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (27 μL, 0.30 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at 60° C. for 68 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes to 50% CH₂Cl₂ inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (55 mg, 0.14mmol, 71% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.31 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H),7.33-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.08-7.03 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.90 (m, 7H), 5.67-5.62 (m,1H), 4.20 (dd, J=5.6, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J=4.6, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 1.50(d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.78, 158.57, 155.18,150.60, 148.33, 141.17 (q, J=33.6 Hz), 129.76, 122.80 (q, J=271.6 Hz),122.64, 120.90, 117.81, 115.90, 112.42 (q, J=3.2 Hz), 108.46 (q, J=4.0Hz), 71.01, 70.54, 16.93; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −65.01; IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3041, 2934, 1615, 1589, 1569, 1503, 1488, 1416,1335, 1306, 1217, 1171, 1135, 1073, 1045, 989, 966, 872, 826, 767, 748,690, 668; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₁H₁₉F₃NO₃ ⁺=390.1312,found 390.1338.

3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine(83). 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine (55mg, 0.20 mmol) was dissolved in Et2O (1 mL) and cooled to 0° C.Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (18 μL, 0.20 mmol) was added dropwise, theice bath was removed, and the solution was stirred for 10 minutes atroom temperature. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and theresulting acid salt was subjected to general procedure A (except thatafter Tf₂O added, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50°C.) using 1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine (86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (60 μL,0.40 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (44 μL, 0.50 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O(36 μL, 2.00 mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purifiedby flash chromatography (silica gel: 5% Et₃N in EtOAc) to provide thetitle compound as a light-yellow oil (52 mg, 0.15 mmol, 76% yield). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.75 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.26 (m, 6H),4.25-4.22 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.15 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.86, 150.54, 141.35, 138.80 (q, J=33.7 Hz), 132.73,129.57, 128.91, 122.93 (q, J=271.6 Hz), 118.64 (q, J=3.7 Hz), 117.22 (q,J=3.5 Hz), 57.45, 50.57, 45.52, 33.05; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−64.75; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2943, 2858, 2817, 2767, 1609, 1570,1490, 1460, 1403, 1328, 1264, 1238, 1167, 1135, 1088, 1043, 1014, 895,842, 828, 744, 721, 667; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₇H₁₉ClF₃N₂⁺=343.1183, found 343.1187.

N-(4-Methyl-3-((4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)-4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)benzamide(84). An oven dried 8 mL vial with a stir bar was charged withN-(4-methyl-3-((4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)-4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)benzamide(74 mg, 0.15 mmol) and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (3.8mL) was added, the reaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (26 μL,0.15 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirredfor 2 hours before1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene)) dipyrrolidine(65 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was subjectedto three rapid cycles of vacuum/nitrogen backfill and was stirred for afurther 1 hour at −50° C. The DBU (23 μL, 0.15 mmol) was added dropwisevia syringe at the same temperature and stirred for another 2 hours.Then HOTf (47 μL, 0.53 mmol), MeOH (0.75 mL) and H₂O (27 μL, 1.50 mmol)were added sequentially at −50° C., the cooling bath was removed and thereaction was allowed to warm to room temperature for stirring further 5hours. The reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution ofNaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic extractswere washed with a saturated aqueous solution of brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 30% toluene, 3% MeOH and 2% Et₃N inCH₂Cl₂) to provide the mixture of compounds as a yellow oil (36 mg, 0.06mmol, 42% yield). Major, ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.87-8.86 (m, 2H),8.52 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz,1H), 7.64 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=2.2, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=5.0 Hz,1H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 2.47 (br s, 8H), 2.30-2.29 (m, 6H); Major, ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 165.61, 163.29, 160.37, 158.67, 151.87, 151.21,142.60, 137.38, 136.70, 135.71 (d, J=32.6 Hz), 133.97, 132.11 (q, J=2.0Hz), 130.99, 129.37, 127.13, 124.94, 122.77 (q, J=273.2 Hz), 119.95 (d,J=4.9 Hz), 116.18, 113.74, 112.58, 62.61, 55.18, 53.18, 46.08, 17.64;Major, ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −59.03; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3246,2937, 2801, 1656, 1572, 1505, 1449, 1402, 1316, 1185, 1136, 1066, 1009,908, 815, 727, 660, 613; m/z LRMS (ESI+APCI): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₃₀H₃₁F₃N₇O⁺=562.3, found 562.3.

(3S,9S,10R,13S,14S)-10,13-Dimethyl-17-(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ylacetate (86). Prepared according to general procedure A using(3S,9S,10R,13S,14S)-10,13-dimethyl-17-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ylacetate (78 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (18 μL, 0.20 mmol), TBAF (0.2 mL, 0.20 mmol, 1M inTHF) at rt for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a white solid (51 mg, 0.11 mmol, 55% yield). mp 145-148° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.64-8.61 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H),5.81 (s, 1H), 5.41 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64-4.56 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.69 (m,3H), 2.14-2.01 (m, 5H), 1.88-1.44 (m, 10H), 1.18-1.04 (m, 8H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 170.64, 151.30, 148.59, 147.95, 140.13, 136.59 (q,J=30.5 Hz), 133.13 (q, J=2.5 Hz), 131.89, 123.01 (q, J=273.2 Hz),122.40, 119.97 (q, J=4.9 Hz), 73.97, 57.06, 50.36, 49.67, 38.24, 37.02,36.93, 34.56, 32.57, 31.65, 30.83, 27.84, 21.53, 20.77, 19.34, 17.10;¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −58.61; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3060, 2941,2912, 2853, 2836, 1731, 1724, 1597, 1429, 1402, 1368, 1317, 1291, 1236,1181, 1152, 1135, 1061, 1036, 963, 876, 839, 821, 808, 739, 653; HRMS(DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₇H₃₃F₃NO₂ ⁺=460.2458, found 460.2446.

2-Chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide(87). Prepared according to general procedure A (except that after Tf₂Oadded, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −50° C.) using2-chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide(84 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (27 μL, 0.30 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 20% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂ to 25% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂)to provide the title compound as a white solid (75 mg, 0.15 mmol, 76%yield). mp 147-149° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.82(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.92-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.83 (t, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dd,J=2.7, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=0.9, 5.1 Hz,1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:163.68, 157.54, 150.49, 142.63, 140.62, 138.61 (q, J=34.1 Hz), 138.24,136.83, 132.51, 131.09, 130.50, 128.97, 127.90, 125.86, 123.04, 122.77(q, J=271.8 Hz), 122.16, 120.84 (q, J=3.8 Hz), 118.46 (q, J=3.4 Hz),44.48; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.70; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3299,3066, 3025, 2926, 1675, 1605, 1584, 1534, 1485, 1462, 1430, 1371, 1335,1301, 1280, 1246, 1211, 1167, 1150, 1137, 1098, 1084, 1049, 1032, 965,883, 851, 817, 795, 757, 725, 667, 642, 591, 559; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₂₀H₁₄Cl₂F₃N₂O₃S⁺=489.0049, found 489.0062.

2-Butoxyethyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinate. Prepared according togeneral procedure B (except that after Tf₂O added, the reaction mixturewas stirred for 1 hour at −30° C.) using 2-butoxyethyl nicotinate (45mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(86 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), NaHCO₃ (50 mg, 0.60 mmol), THF (1 mL) and H₂O (36 jaL,2.00 mmol) at rt for 50 minutes. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a light-yellow oil (45 mg, 0.16 mmol, 77% yield). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.10 (s, 1H), 8.90 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d,J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (t,J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.59-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t, J=7.4 Hz,3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.60, 153.31, 151.72, 136.79 (q,J=34.2 Hz), 125.39 (q, J=1.9 Hz), 122.17 (q, J=272.9 Hz), 120.22 (q,J=5.0 Hz), 71.31, 68.20, 65.61, 31.74, 19.30, 13.94; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −61.73; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2959, 2934, 2870, 1739, 1593,1458, 1405, 1383, 1306, 1265, 1232, 1145, 1067, 1050, 844, 790, 660,612; m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₃H₁₇F₃NO₃ ⁺=292.1155,found 292.1161.

Ethyl4-(8-(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate.An oven dried 8 mL vial with a stir bar was charged with ethyl4-(8-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate(85 mg, 0.20 mmol) and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (3.8mL) was added, the reaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (68 μL,0.40 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirredfor 30 minutes before1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(157 mg, 0.40 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was subjectedto three rapid cycles of vacuum/nitrogen backfill and was stirred for afurther 30 minutes at −78° C. The Et₃N (56 μL, 0.40 mmol) was addeddropwise via syringe, the cooling bath was removed and the reaction wasallowed to warm to room temperature while stirring (approximately 15minutes). Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., HOTf (45 μL,0.5 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00 mmol) were addedsequentially. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for12 hours. The reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution ofNaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic extractswere washed with a saturated aqueous solution of brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc, 10% Et₃N in hexanes) toprovide the title compound as a light-yellow oil (72 mg, 0.15 mmol, 73%yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.83 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (dd,J=1.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (s, 2H), 7.79 (dd, J=2.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45(dd, J=1.7, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=0.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.10 (dd, J=4.8, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (brs, 2H), 3.55-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.12 (m, 2H),2.99-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.32 (m, 3H), 1.24 (t, J=7.1Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 158.55, 157.13, 155.61, 150.71,146.79, 141.19, 139.20 (q, J=33.7 Hz), 138.69, 137.66, 137.59, 137.23,134.90, 133.70, 130.05, 127.83, 124.80, 123.02 (q, J=271.6 Hz), 122.35,117.56 (q, J=3.6 Hz), 115.98 (q, J=3.7 Hz), 61.40, 44.95, 44.93, 32.04,31.83, 30.95, 30.67, 14.78; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.84; IRvmx/cm⁻¹ (film): 2911, 1690, 1608, 1570, 1471, 1423, 1384, 1333, 1277,1227, 1168, 1134, 1113, 1088, 1059, 1026, 996, 889, 835, 790, 766, 726,666; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₈H₂₇F₃N₃O₂ ⁺=494.2050, found494.2084.

Ethyl4-(8-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate.Prepared according to general procedure A using ethyl4-(8-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate(85 mg, 0.20 mmol),1,1′-(((trifluoromethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(79 mg, 0.20 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.20 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.20 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), HOTf (45 μL, 0.50 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2.00mmol) at rt for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 33% EtOAc, 10% Et₃N in hexanes) to providethe title compound as a colorless oil (70 mg, 0.14 mmol, 71% yield). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.65 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H),7.78 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.65 (m, 3H), 7.40 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 1H), 4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.83-3.80 (m, 2H),3.56-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.16 (m, 3H), 3.11-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.52 (m,2H), 2.44-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.25 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 162.61, 156.86, 155.57, 149.76, 147.56, 138.84,137.48, 137.00, 136.92, 136.83, 136.27 (q, J=31.1 Hz), 134.42, 131.62,131.04, 128.98, 124.45, 123.37 (q, J=273.2 Hz), 122.28, 120.47, 118.46(q, J=5.1 Hz), 61.45, 44.95, 44.70, 32.15, 30.88, 30.69, 26.45, 14.76;¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −61.86; IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2911, 2868,1708, 1585, 1484, 1463, 1431, 1407, 1328, 1302, 1279, 1215, 1149, 1122,1065, 1028, 1000, 985, 893, 857, 781, 759, 736, 687; HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₂₈H₂₇F₃N₃O₂ ⁺=494.2050, found 494.2080.

Example 5. Difluoromethylation of Heterocycles

General Procedure A. An oven dried 8 mL vial or 25 mL round bottom flaskwas charged with the heterocycle (1.0 equiv) and phosphine (1.1 equiv)and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 M) was added, thereaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (1.0 equiv) was addeddropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 30 minutes beforeDBU (1.0 equiv) was added dropwise (note—addition should be performedwith vigorous stirring to ensure the DBU is readily homogenized; at −78°C. it tends to freeze and stick to the stir bar, preventing stirring).After the addition was complete, the reaction was warmed to 0° C. in anice bath over 5 minutes. A 10% H₂O in EtOH (v/v) solution was added tothe reaction, bringing the final concentration to 0.05 M, and HCl indioxane was added (1.0 equiv). The reaction was heated to 40° C. andallowed to run for 24 h, then quenched with a saturated aqueous solutionof NaHCO₃ and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). Thecombined organic extracts were washed with a saturated aqueous solutionof brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography to provide thedifluoromethylated heteroarene.

General Procedure B. An oven dried 8 mL vial or 25 mL round bottom flaskwas charged with the heterocycle (1.0 equiv) and phosphine (1.1 equiv)and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 M) was added, thereaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (1.0 equiv) was addeddropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 30 minutes beforeDBU (1.0 equiv) was added dropwise (note—addition should be performedwith vigorous stirring to ensure the DBU is readily homogenized; at −78°C. it tends to freeze and stick to the stir bar, preventing stirring).After the addition was complete, the reaction was warmed to 0° C. in anice bath over 5 minutes. The solvent was removed under vacuum, and THFand H₂O (1:1, 0.1 M) were added to the residue. The solution wasvigorously stirred and solid K₂CO₃ (1.5 eq.) was added in one portion.After 1 h, the reaction mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). Thecombined organic extracts were washed with a saturated aqueous solutionof brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography to provide thedifluoromethylated heteroarene.

General Procedure C. An oven dried 8 mL vial or 25 mL round bottom flaskwas charged with the heterocycle (1.0 equiv) and phosphine (1.1 equiv)and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 M) was added, thereaction vessel cooled to −78° C. and Tf₂O (1.0 equiv) was addeddropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 30 minutes beforeDBU (1.0 equiv) was added dropwise (note—addition should be performedwith vigorous stirring to ensure the DBU is readily homogenized; at −78°C. it tends to freeze and stick to the stir bar, preventing stirring).After the addition was complete, the reaction was warmed to 0° C. in anice bath over 5 minutes. HCl in dioxane was added (1.0 equiv), followedby TBAF (1.0 equiv.), and the reaction was heated to 40° C. for 24 h,then quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and theaqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organicextracts were washed with a saturated aqueous solution of brine, dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby flash column chromatography to provide the difluoromethylatedheteroarene.

4-(difluoromethyl)-2-phenylpyridine (15). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 2-phenylpyridine (71.5 μL, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane, 125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C. for24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 60% CH₂Cl₂ in hexanes) to provide the title compound as acolorless oil (83 mg, 0.40 mmol, 80% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:8.81 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 8.09-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.39 (m,3H), 7.39-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.69 (t, J=55.8 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 158.43, 150.38, 142.97 (t, J=23.3 Hz), 138.48, 129.57, 128.90,127.00, 118.20 (t, J=5.7 Hz), 116.62 (t, J=6.0 Hz), 113.14 (t, J=240.9Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.56 (d, J=55.8 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3054, 2360, 1609, 1583, 1564, 1476, 1409, 1380, 1302, 1198,1114, 1038, 837, 774, 692, 635, 548. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculatedfor C₁₂H₁₀F₂N⁺=206.0776, found 206.0792.

2-bromo-4-(difluoromethyl)pyridine (35). Prepared according to generalprocedure B using 2-bromopyridine (48.6 μL, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), K₂CO₃ (69 mg,0.5 mmol), THF (2.5 mL) and H₂O (2.5 mL) at rt for 16 hours. The crudematerial was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 75% CH₂Cl₂ inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (68 mg, 0.33mmol, 65% iso. yield, 78% ¹H NMR yield). Note that the productevaporates during solvent evaporation. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.51(d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (t, J=55.4Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 151.09, 144.83 (t, J=23.7 Hz),142.91, 124.87 (t, J=6.2 Hz), 119.17 (t, J=5.6 Hz), 112.01 (t, J=242.2Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −116.15 (d, J=55.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3067, 2979, 1598, 1557, 1464, 1397, 1363, 1286, 1218, 1125,1078, 1043, 830, 739, 708, 671. m/z LRMS (ESI+APCI): [M]⁺ calculated forC₆H₄BrF₂N=208.0, found 208.0.

ethyl 4-(difluoromethyl)picolinate (36). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using ethyl picolinate (67.5 μL, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane, 125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C. for24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as acolorless oil (67 mg, 0.33 mmol, 67% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:8.88 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (t,J=55.4 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.53, 150.74, 149.37, 143.62 (t, J=23.9 Hz),123.02 (t, J=5.7 Hz), 121.63 (t, J=6.0 Hz), 112.56 (t, J=241.6 Hz),62.47, 14.40; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.95 (d, J=55.5 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2985, 2940, 2360, 1720, 1609, 1471, 1367, 1300,1275, 1206, 1131, 1040, 1022, 913, 863, 783, 668. m/z HRMS (DART):[M+H]⁺ calculated for C₉H₁₀F₂NO₂ ⁺=202.0674, found 202.0689.

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-(difluoromethyl)pyridine (37). Prepared accordingto general procedure A using 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine (74 μL, 0.5mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl(4 M in dioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at40° C. for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the titlecompound as a colorless oil (104 mg, 0.41 mmol, 82% yield). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.68 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.24-7.13 (m,3H), 6.58 (t, J=55.7 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:161.68, 150.37, 142.98 (t, J=23.3 Hz), 137.35, 132.71, 130.57, 128.99,119.29 (t, J=5.9 Hz), 117.83 (t, J=5.7 Hz), 113.06 (t, J=240.9 Hz),44.07; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.63 (d, J=55.7 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3028, 2928, 2360, 2341, 2222, 1611, 1570, 1491,1407, 1365, 1174, 1089, 1043, 1016, 907, 848, 797, 729, 686. m/z HRMS(DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₃H₁₁ClF₂N⁺=254.0543, found 254.0563.

4-(difluoromethyl)-4′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (38). Preparedaccording to general procedure A using4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (112 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane, 125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 60° C. for72 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 3% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as awhite solid (83 mg, 0.30 mmol, 60% yield). mp 74-75° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.85 (dd, J=14.3, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s,1H), 7.53 (dd, J=24.8, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (t, J=55.6 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 156.70, 155.82, 150.29 (d, J=11.7 Hz), 143.62 (t,J=23.6 Hz), 139.69 (q, J=34.2 Hz), 124.39, 121.67, 121.18-120.39 (m),119.82, 117.97 (t, J=6.3 Hz), 117.25 (d, J=3.7 Hz), 113.15 (t, J=241.1Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −64.85, −115.58 (d, J=55.7 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3080, 2925, 2360, 2342, 1603, 1568, 1465, 1392,1367, 1332, 1287, 1263, 1164, 1129, 1080, 1068, 1038, 908, 849, 667. m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₂H₈F₅N₂ ⁺=275.0602, found 275.0608.

4-(difluoromethyl)-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine (39). Preparedaccording to general procedure C using 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine (76mg, 0.5 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg,0.55 mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5mL), and TBAF (1 M in THF, 500 μL, 0.5 mmol), at 60° C. for 24 hours.The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 10%EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (68mg, 0.34 mmol, 68% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.74 (d, J=5.0 Hz,1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (t, J=55.7 Hz, 1H), 5.89(s, 1H), 4.23-4.04 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 158.44, 150.22,143.18 (t, J=23.5 Hz), 120.26 (t, J=5.7 Hz), 117.23 (t, J=6.0 Hz),112.97 (t, J=241.2 Hz), 103.30, 65.80; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−115.73 (d, J=55.7 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2962, 2893, 2360, 2341,2252, 1614, 1383, 1173, 1119, 1080, 1041, 982, 907, 855, 728, 647. m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₉H₁₀F₂NO₂ ⁺=202.0674, found202.0687.

4-(difluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile (41). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 3-cyanopyridine (52 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane, 125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C. for24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 2% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as awhite solid (13 mg, 0.08 mmol, 17% iso. yield, 40% ¹H NMR yield). Notethat the product evaporates during solvent evaporation. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.98 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H),6.89 (t, J=54.0 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 158.72, 147.33,139.88 (t, J=21.5 Hz), 129.96, 117.17 (t, J=7.1 Hz), 112.61 (t, J=239.6Hz), 33.05, 24.90, 22.52, 22.32; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −116.21 (d,J=54.0 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3037, 2924, 2236, 1593, 1407, 1381,1235, 1191, 1164, 1090, 1042, 836, 790, 734, 660. m/z LRMS (ESI-APCI):[M]⁺ calculated for C₇H₄F₂N₂=154.0, found 154.0.

tert-butyl ((4-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)(methyl)carbamate(42). Prepared according to general procedure A using tert-butylmethyl(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamate (111 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane, 125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C. for24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 55% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as acolorless oil (85 mg, 0.31 mmol, 62% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:8.68 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (brt, J=54.1 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 158.06-154.49 (m), 152.70-150.30 (m), 149.93,141.44-138.84 (m), 130.85, 119.89, 112.22 (t, J=239.2 Hz), 80.67,51.80-44.51 (m), 34.13, 29.82, 28.43; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−115.47 (d, J=53.3 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2978, 2933, 2360, 2341,1686, 1480, 1414, 1391, 1367, 1240, 1147, 1084, 1038, 980, 911, 730,663. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₃H₁₉F₂N₂O₂ ⁺=273.1409,found 273.1417.

4-(difluoromethyl)-3-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (43). Prepared according togeneral procedure A using 3-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (90 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane, 125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C. for48 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as ayellow solid (89 mg, 0.39 mmol, 78% yield). mp 44-45° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.68 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.52 (m, 3H),7.40 (qd, J=4.7, 1.6 Hz, 3H), 7.00 (t, J=54.7 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 153.21, 149.37, 142.40 (t, J=23.2 Hz), 131.90, 129.57, 128.70,121.90, 119.01 (t, J=5.1 Hz), 118.44 (t, J=5.7 Hz), 111.98 (t, J=239.8Hz), 98.26, 81.91; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −117.10 (d, J=54.7 Hz).IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3068, 3021, 3001, 2926, 2854, 2360, 2341, 2221,1598, 1496, 1442, 1365, 1233, 1211, 1168, 1143, 1076, 1031, 869, 848,825, 749, 720, 686, 664. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₄H₁₀F₂N⁺=230.0776, found 230.0787.

4-(difluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline (44). Prepared accordingto general procedure A using 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline (64.7 μL, 0.5mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55mmol), Tf₂O (84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl(4 M in dioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at40° C. for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 40% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a colorless oil (46 mg, 0.25 mmol, 50% yield). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.48 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (t,J=54.7 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H),1.98-1.77 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 158.56, 147.18, 139.72(t, J=21.5 Hz), 129.80, 117.01 (t, J=7.1 Hz), 112.46 (t, J=239.6 Hz),32.89, 24.74, 22.36, 22.17; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −117.77 (d,J=54.7 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2941, 2864, 2360, 2341, 2213, 1574,1438, 1412, 1374, 1263, 1249, 1232, 1112, 1036, 908, 872, 843, 728, 644.m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₀H₁₂F₂N⁺=184.0932, found184.0941.

4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-3-(thiophen-3-yl)pyridine (45). Preparedaccording to general procedure A using2-methyl-3-(thiophen-3-yl)pyridine (87.6 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 60° C.for 72 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 25% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as acolorless oil (86 mg, 0.38 mmol, 76% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:8.63 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.22 (dd, J=2.9, 1.1 Hz, 1H),7.01 (dd, J=4.9, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (t, J=54.7 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 158.60, 148.98, 140.76 (t, J=22.8 Hz), 134.91,130.22 (t, J=6.3 Hz), 128.80, 126.73, 125.17, 116.69 (t, J=5.1 Hz),111.98 (t, J=238.4 Hz), 23.52; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−106.33-−117.12 (m). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3107, 2997, 2220, 1576,1423, 1394, 1355, 1268, 1242, 1105, 1038, 908, 860, 845, 785, 729, 705,658. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₁H₁₀F₂NS⁺=226.0497, found226.0518.

4-(difluoromethyl)-2-fluoro-5-methylpyridine (46). Prepared according togeneral procedure B using 2-fluoro-5-methylpyridine (52 μL, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), K₂CO₃ (69 mg,0.5 mmol), THF (2.5 mL) and H₂O (2.5 mL) at rt for 2 hours. The crudematerial was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel: 80% CH₂Cl₂ inhexanes) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (44 mg, 0.27mmol, 27% iso. yield, 70% ¹H NMR yield) Note that the product evaporatesduring solvent evaporation. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.09 (s, 1H),7.05 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (t, J=54.4 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 162.69 (d, J=238.1 Hz), 149.46 (d, J=14.2 Hz),145.18 (td, J=22.2, 7.2 Hz), 128.49 (q, J=4.6 Hz), 111.85 (td, J=240.9,2.9 Hz), 106.06 (dt, J=40.1, 7.7 Hz), 14.85; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−70.09, −118.49 (d, J=54.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2973, 2360,2342, 1612, 1582, 1490, 1456, 1387, 1348, 1269, 1156, 1049, 967, 881,820, 735, 691. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₇H₇F₃N⁺=162.0525,found 162.0535.

4-(difluoromethyl)quinoline (47). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using quinoline (59.2 μL, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C.for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound ascolorless crystals (69 mg, 0.39 mmol, 77% yield). mp 53-55° C.; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.01 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H),8.12-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.78 (ddd, J=8.4, 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (ddd, J=8.4,6.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=54.5 Hz, 1H). ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 150.11, 148.75, 137.88 (t, J=21.8 Hz), 130.55,130.03, 127.92, 124.25 (t, J=2.5 Hz), 123.40, 118.05 (t, J=7.7 Hz),113.41 (t, J=240.4 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.10 (d, J=54.5Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3059, 2983, 2923, 2851, 2360, 2342, 1602,1515, 1501, 1466, 1407, 1359, 1310, 1245, 1171, 1147, 1115, 1074, 1031,1022, 999, 986, 865, 851, 767, 816, 777, 752, 665, 625. m/z HRMS (DART):[M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₀H₈F₂N⁺=180.0619, found 180.0632.

4-(difluoromethyl)-6-nitroquinoline (48). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 6-nitroquinoline (87 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C.for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 4% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as awhite solid (61 mg, 0.27 mmol, 54% yield). mp 124-126° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.20 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.55 (dd, J=9.2,2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t,J=54.1 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 153.58, 150.63, 146.30,139.97 (t, J=22.5 Hz), 132.49, 123.61, 123.21 (t, J=2.5 Hz), 120.71 (t,J=1.9 Hz), 120.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz), 112.95 (t, J=241.5 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −114.34 (d, J=54.1 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3118,3084, 3059, 3027, 2923, 2840, 2359, 2342, 1620, 1609, 1574, 1421, 1392,1344, 1300, 1264, 1235, 1221, 1145, 1120, 1100, 1046, 1009, 910, 894,867, 805, 742, 736, 657. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₀H₇F₂N₂O₂ ⁺=225.047, found 225.0478.

6-chloro-4-(difluoromethyl)quinoline (49). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 6-chloroquinoline (82 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C.for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as paleyellow crystals (75 mg, 0.35 mmol, 70% yield). mp 65-66° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.99 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d,J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=9.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H),7.07 (t, J=54.4 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 150.27, 147.17,137.20 (t, J=22.1 Hz), 134.09, 132.09, 131.11, 124.81 (t, J=2.8 Hz),122.66, 119.00 (t, J=7.7 Hz), 113.25 (t, J=240.8 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −114.91 (d, J=54.3 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2925, 2360,2342, 1602, 1498, 1453, 1386, 1346, 1301, 1240, 1119, 1068, 1036, 851,790. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₀H₇ClF₂N⁺=214.023, found214.0233.

7-bromo-4-(difluoromethyl)quinoline (51). Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 8-bromoquinoline (104 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C.for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 3% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound ascolorless crystals (104 mg, 0.40 mmol, 81% yield). mp 77-79° C.; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.99 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.94(dt, J=9.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=9.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=4.3Hz, 1H), 7.09 (t, J=54.4 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 151.13,149.39, 138.11 (t, J=22.0 Hz), 132.83, 131.44, 124.88, 124.33, 122.84(t, J=2.9 Hz), 118.46 (t, J=7.7 Hz), 113.29 (t, J=240.9 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR(376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −114.66 (d, J=54.4 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film):3068, 3040, 2975, 2923, 2852, 2360, 2333, 1600, 1494, 1442, 1362, 1305,1238, 1166, 1120, 1080, 1066, 1041, 1001, 899, 858, 821, 778, 769, 672.m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₀H₇BrF₂N⁺=257.9724, found257.9745.

7-(difluoromethyl)-2-phenylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine (52). Prepared accordingto general procedure A using 2-phenylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine (195 mg, 1.0mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (326 mg, 1.1 mmol),Tf₂O (168 μL, 1.0 mmol), DBU (150 μL, 1.0 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), HCl (4M in dioxane) (250 μL, 1.0 mmol), EtOH (9 mL) and H₂O (1.0 mL) at 40° C.for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as a paleyellow solid (46 mg, 0.19 mmol, 19% yield). mp 93-94° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.64 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.39 (m,3H), 7.35 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=54.7 Hz, 1H); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 160.92, 150.48, 146.60, 144.71-143.57 (m),130.21, 129.21, 129.15, 125.66, 124.47 (t, J=24.9 Hz), 115.32-114.04(m), 110.90 (t, J=240.0 Hz), 102.49; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −116.04(d, J=54.7 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3117, 3068, 3037, 2979, 2924,2853, 2360, 2341, 1577, 1494, 1448, 1398, 1375, 1362, 1282, 1267, 1257,1215, 1114, 1080, 1034, 1015, 992, 917, 840, 800, 771, 756, 698, 686,659. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₄H₁₀F₂NO⁺=246.0725, found246.0748.

4-(difluoromethyl)-2-(propylthio)pyrimidine (53). Prepared according togeneral procedure A using 2-(propylthio)pyrimidine (77 mg, 0.5 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (163 mg, 0.55 mmol), Tf₂O(84 μL, 0.5 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (4.5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) at 40° C.for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 10% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as acolorless oil (32 mg, 0.16 mmol, 32% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:8.67 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (t, J=54.8 Hz, 1H),3.23-3.05 (m, 2H), 1.77 (h, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 173.68, 160.52 (t, J=26.9 Hz), 159.00, 112.59(t, J=242.3 Hz) 111.64 (t, J=2.9 Hz), 33.09, 22.55, 13.58; ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −119.57 (d, J=54.8 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2966,2933, 2874, 2360, 2342, 1560, 1458, 1436, 1363, 1325, 1262, 1202, 1182,1110, 1052, 835, 751, 735. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₈H₁₁F₂N₂S⁺=205.0606, found 205.0624.

2-(3-(4-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-5-fluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine(61). Prepared according to general procedure A using2-(3-fluoro-5-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (80 mg,0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg, 0.275mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL),HCl (4 M in dioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) and H₂O (0.25mL) at 40° C. for 23 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 20% EtOAc in toluene) to provide the titlecompound as a white solid (57 mg, 0.155 mmol, 62% yield). m.p. 120-123°C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.02-8.92 (m, 1H), 8.83 (d, J=5.1 Hz,1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.04 (dd, J=8.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.69(d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dt, J=8.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (t, J=54.2 Hz,1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.53, 162.05, 159.25-157.72 (m),151.00, 150.37, 147.02 (d, J=4.0 Hz), 140.89 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 139.35 (t,J=23.1 Hz), 137.73 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 134.67-134.33 (m), 126.05 (q, J=33.2Hz), 124.98, 124.29, 120.28, 119.53 (t, J=5.3 Hz), 118.20 (d, J=22.6Hz), 114.77 (d, J=23.0 Hz), 111.65 (t, J=239.0 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −62.38, −110.80 (t, J=9.1 Hz), −111.59 (d, J=54.1 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3080, 3036, 2923, 1600, 1571, 1492, 1432, 1046,1329, 1237, 1164, 1177, 1138, 1076, 1020, 920, 886, 842, 771, 697, 670,553, 532. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₈H₁₁F₆N₂ ⁺=369.0821,found 369.0846.

N-(4-(4-(difluoromethyl)-2-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)-5-methyl-2-nitroaniline(62). Prepared according to general procedure A using5-methyl-N-(2-methyl-4-(2-phenylpyridin-3-yl)but-3-yn-2-yl)-2-nitroaniline(70 mg, 0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂(2.5 mL), HCl (4 M in dioxane) (125 μL, 0.5 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) andH₂O (0.25 mL) at 40° C. for 48 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 5% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide thetitle compound as a yellow oil (64 mg, 0.152 mmol, 61% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.75 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=8.7Hz, 1H), 7.83 (dd, J=7.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.31(m, 3H), 7.08 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (t, J=54.8 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (dd,J=8.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.73 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃)δ: 161.31, 149.15, 147.37, 144.16 (t, J=22.9 Hz), 143.34, 138.57,131.18, 129.47, 129.34, 127.99, 127.04, 118.01, 117.33 (t, J=5.4 Hz),115.71, 115.19 (d, J=5.8 Hz), 112.20 (t, J=240.0 Hz), 103.06, 48.35,29.99, 22.14; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −116.97 (d, J=54.8 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3352, 2983, 2932, 2360, 2342, 1617, 1578, 1491,1405, 1335, 1237, 1187, 1128, 1073, 1048, 908, 843, 751, 732, 697. m/zHRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₄H₂₂F₂N₃O₂ ⁺=422.1675, found422.1682.

(R)-1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethyl4-(difluoromethyl)-5-methylpicolinate (64). Prepared according togeneral procedure A using (R)-1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) ethyl5-methylpicolinate (94 mg, 0.25 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O(42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) and H₂O (0.25 mL) at 60° C.for 48 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 1% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound as acolorless oil (57 mg, 0.133 mmol, 53% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:8.68 (t, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (t,J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (t, J=54.4 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.49 (d,J=1.6 Hz, 3H), 1.78 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:163.78, 152.49, 146.39, 143.75, 140.99 (t, J=22.4 Hz), 135.33 (t, J=4.3Hz), 132.05 (q, J=33.4 Hz), 126.58 (q, J=3.6 Hz), 123.15 (q, J=272.8Hz), 122.38-122.00 (m), 121.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz), 112.20 (t, J=240.9 Hz),72.59, 21.97, 15.81; ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −62.90, −117.64 (d,J=54.7 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2989, 2360, 2342, 1726, 1456, 1384,1278, 1247, 1222, 1174, 1134, 1054, 907, 845, 755, 730, 705, 682, 669.m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₈H₁₄F₈NO₂ ⁺=428.0891, found428.0907.

ethyl4-((4-chlorophenyl)(4-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate(66). Prepared according to general procedure A using ethyl4-((4-chlorophenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate (94mg, 0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg,0.275 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂(2.5 mL), HCl (4 M in dioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) andH₂O (0.25 mL) at 40° C. for 45 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 30% EtOAc in toluene) to provide thetitle compound as a colorless oil (69 mg, 0.162 mmol, 65% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.58 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.58 (t, J=55.7 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 4.07(q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.82-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.59 (ft, J=7.7, 3.7 Hz, 1H),3.21-3.08 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.61 (td, J=8.4, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 1.20(t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.25, 155.60, 149.79,143.28 (t, J=23.4 Hz), 139.63, 133.79, 128.83, 128.28, 118.80 (t, J=5.7Hz), 116.77 (t, J=6.1 Hz), 113.05 (t, J=241.1 Hz), 80.75, 72.96, 61.40,41.15 (d, J=7.4 Hz), 31.16 (d, J=34.4 Hz), 14.79; ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: −115.57 (dd, J=55.8, 10.1 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2982,2931, 2870, 1687, 1609, 1571, 1489, 1474, 1433, 1383, 1274, 1229, 1164,1113, 1077, 1032, 1015, 828, 751, 666, 548, 531. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₂₁H₂₄ClF₂N₂O₃ ⁺=425.1438, found 425.1463.

5-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-4-(difluoromethyl)pyrimidine (67).Prepared according to general procedure A using5-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl) pyrimidine (70 mg, 0.25 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O(42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) and H₂O (0.25 mL) at 40° C.for 17 hours. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel: 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the title compound as awhite solid (32 mg, 0.096 mmol, 39% yield). m.p. 73-75° C.; ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.33 (s, 1H), 8.81 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.33 (m, 5H), 7.22-7.04(m, 3H), 6.58 (t, J=53.6 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃)δ: 159.46, 157.84, 155.64 (t, J=23.5 Hz), 153.97, 151.50, 147.90 (d,J=10.5 Hz), 136.08, 132.83 (d, J=2.2 Hz), 128.90, 128.52, 127.57,125.96-125.44 (m), 117.53 (dt, J=19.7, 1.8 Hz), 115.78 (d, J=2.5 Hz),111.90 (t, J=242.5 Hz), 71.48; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −114.77 (d,J=53.8 Hz), −131.97 (dd, J=11.4, 8.1 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3038,2923, 2851, 1618, 1573, 1555, 1520, 1511, 1455, 1435, 1384, 1371, 1348,1300, 1272, 1211, 1134, 1093, 1059, 1009, 993, 926, 906, 883, 817, 756,746, 698, 668, 637, 630, 558. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₁₈H₁₄F₃N₂O⁺=331.1053, found 331.1058.

(2R,6S)-4-((5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-6-((6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl)-2,6-dimethylmorpholine(68). Prepared according to general procedure A except the reaction wasallowed to warm to −50° C. after DBU addition and stirred for 5 minutes,then HCl was added and the reaction heated to 60° C. using(2R,6S)-4-((5-(6-((6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl)-2,6-dimethylmorpholine(106 mg, 0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (81.5mg, 0.28 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (38 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂(2.5 mL), HCl (4 M in dioxane) (190 μL, 0.75 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) andH₂O (0.25 mL) at 60° C. for 72 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 1% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to provide thetitle compound as a pale yellow oil (60 mg, 0.13 mmol, 52% yield). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.91 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=5.1 Hz,1H), 7.02 (t, J=54.6 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J=11.2, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d,J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.77-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.99-2.85(m, 4H), 2.77 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (t, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.16 (d,J=6.3 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 158.92, 153.65, 148.50,148.20, 137.64 (t, J=22.8 Hz), 133.74, 133.48, 125.36, 123.32 (t, J=5.8Hz), 122.85, 118.84 (t, J=6.8 Hz), 111.82 (t, J=239.0 Hz), 111.53,111.45-111.16 (m), 71.80, 63.44, 59.06, 54.84, 53.38, 50.98, 25.54,19.27; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.13 (d, J=54.6 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2971, 2931, 2871, 2813, 2360, 2342, 1474, 1454,1376, 1355, 1321, 1162, 1142, 1080, 1044, 1023, 906, 837, 795, 730, 702.m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₅H₃₀F₂N₃O₂S⁺=474.2021, found474.2025.

((4-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methylene)bis(4,1-phenylene) diacetate(71). Prepared according to general procedure C using(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)bis(4,1-phenylene) diacetate (90 mg, 0.25 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O(42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), HCl (4 M indioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), and TBAF (1 M in THF, 250 μL, 0.25 mmol) at40° C. for 24 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 20% EtOAc in toluene) to provide the titlecompound as a yellow oil (86 mg, 0.208 mmol, 83% yield). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.72 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=4.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H),7.23 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.15 (m, 4H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 4H), 6.58 (t, J=55.7 Hz,1H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 169.52,163.85, 150.53, 149.60, 142.97 (t, J=23.3 Hz), 139.53, 130.36, 121.74,120.04 (t, J=6.1 Hz), 117.99 (t, J=5.7 Hz), 113.04 (t, J=241.0 Hz),58.20, 21.26; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.50 (d, J=55.9 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3023, 1754, 1608, 1571, 1504, 1412, 1369, 1165,1044, 1018, 909, 847, 751, 730, 665, 650, 549, 531. m/z HRMS (DART):[M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₃H₂₀F₂NO₄ ⁺=412.1355, found 412.1367.

(E)-4-(difluoromethyl)-2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)pyridine(73). Prepared according to general procedure A (except(E)-2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)pyridine wasprotonated using TfOH (22 μL, 0.25 mmol) before the salt reaction) using(E)-2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)pyridine (70 mg,0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg, 0.275mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL),HCl (4 M in dioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) and H₂O (0.25mL) at 40° C. for 25 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to provide the titlecompound as a brown oil (66 mg, 0.200 mmol, 80% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 8.73 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=4.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 4H), 6.52 (t, J=55.6 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (d,J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (s, 4H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.01 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR(101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 159.67, 150.02, 142.50 (t, J=23.2 Hz), 141.90,137.50, 134.80, 131.15, 129.76, 129.46, 118.33 (t, J=6.2 Hz), 117.93 (t,J=5.6 Hz), 113.23 (t, J=240.7 Hz), 54.63, 54.11, 23.63, 21.43; ¹⁹F NMR(377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.28 (d, J=55.9 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film):2966, 2927, 2878, 2796, 1605, 1568, 1513, 1462, 1413, 1379, 1216, 1157,1110, 1046, 908, 823, 731, 666, 549, 531. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₂₀H₂₃F₂N₂ ⁺=329.1824, found 329.1832.

ethyl4-(8-chloro-4-(difluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate(75). Prepared according to general procedure A using ethyl4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperidine-1-carboxylate(96 mg, 0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂(2.5 mL), HCl (4 M in dioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) andH₂O (0.25 mL) at 40° C. for 20 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 50% EtOAc in toluene) to provide thetitle compound as a yellow oil (93 mg, 0.216 mmol, 86% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.53 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12(d, J=2.5 Hz, 3H), 6.76 (t, J=54.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80(d, J=12.5 Hz, 2H), 3.49-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.11 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.99 (m,1H), 2.94-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.32 (m, 3H), 2.27-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.25 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 160.34, 155.48, 147.54, 139.97(t, J=21.8 Hz), 138.65, 137.80, 135.81, 133.75, 133.25, 131.24, 131.11(t, J=4.0 Hz), 129.69, 126.24, 118.79 (t, J=7.2 Hz), 112.71 (t, J=240.4Hz), 61.40, 44.71 (d, J=15.6 Hz), 31.59, 30.66 (d, J=7.2 Hz), 26.31,14.69; ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −112.76-−118.16 (m). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 2981, 2911, 2870, 1734, 1591, 1478, 1434, 1386, 1374, 1227,1119, 1043, 909, 757, 733, 561. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated forC₂₃H₂₄ClF₂N₂O₂ ⁺=433.1489, found 433.1515.

3-benzyl-5-(4-(2-(4-(difluoromethyl)-5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione(78). Prepared according to general procedure A using3-benzyl-5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione(112 mg, 0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂(2.5 mL), HCl (4 M in dioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) andH₂O (0.25 mL) at 40° C. for 48 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 15% EtOAc in toluene) to provide thetitle compound as a colorless oil (31 mg, 0.061 mmol, 25% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 6H),7.05 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.91-6.61 (m, 3H), 4.78-4.60 (m, 2H), 4.42 (dd,J=8.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=14.2, 3.9 Hz,1H), 3.27 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (dd, J=14.2, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (q,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 4H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:173.82, 171.05, 158.26, 157.12, 150.97, 139.71 (t, J=21.8 Hz), 135.12,134.58, 130.53, 128.76, 128.20, 127.63, 119.55 (t, J=6.8 Hz), 114.87,112.58 (d, J=238.9 Hz), 67.01, 51.75, 45.27, 37.81, 37.68, 22.65, 15.74;¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.09 (d, J=54.8 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 3017, 2971, 2935, 2878, 1749, 1679, 1610, 1512, 1382, 1330,1302, 1244, 1216, 1179, 1147, 1036, 908, 699, 667, 561, 530. m/z HRMS(DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₇H₂₇F₂N₂O₃S⁺=497.1705, found 497.1720.

4-(difluoromethyl)-2-((1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)pyridine(82). Prepared according to general procedure B using2-((1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)pyridine (80 mg, 0.25 mmol),(difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O(42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL), K₂CO₃ (35mg, 0.25 mmol), THF (0.625 mL) and H₂O (0.625 mL) at rt for 30 minutes.The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel:100% toluene) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (18 mg,0.048 mmol, 19% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.25 (d, J=5.2 Hz,1H), 7.29 (dd, J=8.6, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.08-7.01 (m, 1H), 7.01-6.88 (m, 7H),6.87 (s, 1H), 6.56 (t, J=55.8 Hz, 1H), 5.67-5.56 (m, 1H), 4.13 (ddd,J=42.4, 9.9, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.48 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 163.74, 158.59, 155.25, 150.54, 147.97, 145.21, 129.76,122.62, 120.91, 117.79, 115.92, 115.54-110.51 (m), 108.68, 71.09, 70.20,17.01; ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.62 (d, J=55.8 Hz). IRv_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2985, 1617, 1590, 1569, 1504, 1489, 1422, 1380,1317, 1221, 1078, 1047, 909, 759, 734, 582, 560. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₂₁H₂₀F₂NO₃ ⁺=372.1406, found 372.1420.

3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine(84). Prepared according to general procedure A (except3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine wasprotonated using TfOH (22 μL, 0.25 mmol) before the salt reaction) using3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine (69 mg,0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82 mg, 0.275mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (75 μL, 0.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL),HCl (4 M in dioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) and H₂O (0.25mL) at 40° C. for 20 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (neutral silica gel: 2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to provide thetitle compound as a brown oil (53 mg, 0.163 mmol, 65% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.67 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 7H), 6.54(t, J=55.7 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 6H),2.47-2.37 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 162.69, 150.25, 143.10 (t,J=23.3 Hz), 140.45, 133.21, 129.42, 129.20, 119.80 (t, J=6.0 Hz), 118.27(t, J=5.7 Hz), 112.92 (t, J=241.1 Hz), 56.89, 50.04, 43.90, 30.44; ¹⁹FNMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.59 (dd, J=55.6, 3.7 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹(film): 2953, 1681, 1611, 1570, 1420, 1410, 1383, 1090, 1039, 1015, 832.m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₁₇H₂₀ClF₂N₂ ⁺=325.1278, found325.1297.

2-chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-(4-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide(88). Prepared according to general procedure A using2-chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide(105 mg, 0.25 mmol), (difluoromethyl)bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphane (82mg, 0.275 mmol), Tf₂O (42 μL, 0.25 mmol), DBU (37 μL, 0.25 mmol), CH₂Cl₂(2.5 mL), HCl (4 M in dioxane) (63 μL, 0.25 mmol), EtOH (2.25 mL) andH₂O (0.25 mL) at 40° C. for 25 hours. The crude material was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel: 60% EtOAc in toluene) to provide thetitle compound as a yellow solid (71 mg, 0.151 mmol, 60% yield). m.p.124-127° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=5.1 Hz,1H), 7.90 (dd, J=8.7, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H),7.78 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J=8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 1H), 6.71 (t, J=55.7 Hz, 1H),3.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 164.02, 157.28, 150.30,143.54-142.75 (m), 140.92, 138.63, 137.31, 132.71, 131.54, 130.70,129.33, 128.03, 126.22, 123.25, 122.40, 121.92 (t, J=6.1 Hz), 119.50 (t,J=5.7 Hz), 113.15 (t, J=241.4 Hz), 44.75; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:−116.15 (d, J=55.8 Hz). IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 3015, 2932, 1678, 1609,1546, 1488, 1469, 1367, 1310, 1155, 1095, 1033, 959, 892, 875, 749, 676,607, 550. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₂₀H₁₅Cl₂F₂N⁺=471.0143,found 471.0138.

4-(perfluoroethyl)-2-phenylpyridine. Prepared according to generalprocedure A using 2-phenylpyridine (29 μL, 0.2 mmol),1,1′-(((perfluoroethyl)phosphanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dipyrrolidine(97 mg, 0.22 mmol), Tf₂O (34 μL, 0.2 mmol), DBU (30 μL, 0.2 mmol),CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), TfOH (18 μL, 0.2 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and H₂O (36 μL, 2mmol) at rt for 22 hours. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel: 3% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the titlecompound as a colorless oil (40 mg, 0.148 mmol, 74% yield). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.88 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.09-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.92 (s, 1H),7.57-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.44 (dd, J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: 158.88, 150.65, 138.17, 137.94, 137.70, 130.03, 129.13,127.23, 123.16, 120.31 (t, J=37.9 Hz), 118.87 (t, J=5.8 Hz), 117.37 (t,J=6.1 Hz), 115.44-114.57 (m), 112.58 (q, J=38.7 Hz), 110.24 (q); ¹⁹F NMR(376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −84.47, −117.05. IR v_(max)/cm⁻¹ (film): 2957, 2923,2853, 2360, 1558, 11471, 1457, 1214, 760, 667. m/z HRMS (DART): [M+H]⁺calculated for C₁₃H₉F₅N⁺=274.0650, found 274.0662.

Example 6. General Synthesis of Additional Fluorinated Phosphines

While specific embodiments have been described above with reference tothe disclosed embodiments and examples, such embodiments are onlyillustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention. Changes andmodifications can be made in accordance with ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the invention in its broader aspects as definedin the following claims.

All publications, patents, and patent documents are incorporated byreference herein, as though individually incorporated by reference. Nolimitations inconsistent with this disclosure are to be understoodtherefrom. The invention has been described with reference to variousspecific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should beunderstood that many variations and modifications may be made whileremaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A phosphine compound of Formula II:

wherein X is H, F, or —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl; Z is O, S, or NR^(y)wherein R^(y) is H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; R³ and R⁴ areeach independently H, NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d), —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; or two R³ taken together form a 6-membered benzo-ringfused to the heterocycle of Formula II; and/or two R⁴ taken togetherform a 6-membered benzo-ring fused to the heterocycle of Formula II;R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; or R^(a) and R^(b) taken together form a 5-memberedor 6-membered heterocycle with the nitrogen moiety of NR^(a)R^(b); R^(c)and R^(d) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; and p and q are each independently 1, 2 or 3;wherein each —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently unbranched or branched. 2.The phosphine compound of claim 1 wherein at least one 6-memberedbenzo-ring moiety is present on a heterocyclic ring of Formula II andeach 6-membered benzo-ring moiety is independently substituted with R³when p is 3 or R⁴ when q is
 3. 3. The phosphine compound of claim 1wherein the phosphine compound of Formula II is represented by aphosphine compound of Formula IIA:

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H, NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 4. The phosphine compound of claim1 wherein the phosphine compound of Formula II is represented by aphosphine compound of Formula IIB:

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H, NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d),—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 5. The phosphine compound of claim1 wherein the phosphine compound of Formula II is represented by aphosphine compound of Formula III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII:


6. The phosphine compound of claim 5 wherein X is H, F, or CF₃.
 7. Thephosphine compound of claim 1 wherein X is H, F, or CF₃.
 8. Thephosphine compound of claim 1 wherein m and n are each
 1. 9. Thephosphine compound of claim 1 wherein R³ and R⁴ are NR^(a)R^(b).
 10. Thephosphine compound of claim 9 wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are methyl orethyl, or wherein NR^(a)R^(b) is pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl.
 11. Thephosphine compound of claim 1 wherein R³ and R⁴ are OR^(c).
 12. Thephosphine compound of claim 11 wherein R^(c) is methyl or ethyl.
 13. Thephosphine compound of claim 1 wherein X is F, and R³ and R⁴ areNR^(a)R^(b).
 14. The phosphine compound of claim 13 wherein R³ and R⁴are N(CH₃)₂ or together 1-pyrrolidinyl.
 15. The phosphine compound ofclaim 1 wherein X is H, and R³ and R⁴ are OR^(c).
 16. The phosphinecompound of claim 15 wherein R¹ and R² are methoxy or ethoxy.
 17. Amethod for fluoroalkylation of an organic compound comprising: a)contacting a phosphine compound of claim 1, an organic compound, and asolvent, under suitable reaction conditions to form a phosphonium saltof the organic compound; and b) contacting the phosphonium salt and anaqueous solution or a mixture of an organic solvent and a base; whereinoptionally the phosphonium salt is not isolated as a purifiedintermediate compound before contacting the intermediate with theaqueous solution; wherein a fluoroalkylated organic compound is therebyformed.
 18. A phosphine compound of Formula J:

wherein X is H, F, —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; each J isindependently H, F, —(C₁-C₆)perfluoroalkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R¹ and R²are each independently NR^(a)R^(b), OR^(c), SR^(d), —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H,—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; or R^(a) and R^(b) taken togetherform a 5-membered or 6-membered heterocycle with the nitrogen moiety ofNR^(a)R^(b); R^(c) and R^(d) are each independently H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; m and n are each independently 1 or 2; each—(C₁-C₆)alkyl is independently unbranched or branched, and optionallysubstituted; and X is not F when R¹ and R² are CH₃; and X is not F whenR¹ and R² are OCH₃, R¹ and R² are each in the para-position, and m and nare each
 1. 19. A method for fluoroalkylation of an organic compoundcomprising: a) contacting a phosphine compound of claim 18, an organiccompound, and a solvent, under suitable reaction conditions to form aphosphonium salt of the organic compound; and b) contacting thephosphonium salt and an aqueous solution or a mixture of an organicsolvent and a base; wherein optionally the phosphonium salt is notisolated as a purified intermediate compound before contacting theintermediate with the aqueous solution; wherein a fluoroalkylatedorganic compound is thereby formed.